Acid-Base Equilibrium Systems Flashcards
what are acids according to Arrhenius’s theory
substances that produce a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water H+
what are bases according to Arrhenius’s theory
substances that produce a hydroxide ion when dissolved in water OH
acids based on bronsted lowry
molecules or ions that donate a proton (proton donors)
bases based on bronsted lowry
molecules or ions that accept a proton (proton acceptors)
what do conjugate pairs mean in terms of acids and bases?
an acid becomes a base by losing a proton, and a base becomes an acid by gaining a proton
amphiprotic substances
a substance that acts as an acid with a base, and as a base with an acid. molecules that can donate or accept a proton
for example, water is amphiprotic because it can donate or accept a proton within an equation (more specifically, it can turn into H30+ or OH-)
HCO3−, H2PO4–, HSO4–
electrolyte
a substance that conducts electricity when it forms ions
the ion product constant of water
kw=[H3O+aq][OH-aq]=1.0 times 10^-14
hydronium ion times hydroxide ion equals ones times ten to the exponent negative fourteen
when is a solution acidic?
when the hydronium concentration is larger than the hydroxide concentration
when is a solution basic?
when the hydroxide concentration is larger than the hydronium concentration
how do you find ph
ph concept was introduced by Danish chemist Soren Sorensen in 1909
pH refers to the acid
ph=-log [H3O+}
[H3O+]=10-ph
pH+pOH=14.00 –>pH=14-pOH
ph=-logarithm times the concentration of the hydronium ion
how do you find pOH?
how do you find hydroxide?
pOH=-log[OH-]
[OH-]=10-pOH
find the pH then use the formula pH+pOH=14.00
how do strong acids dissociate in water
they dissociate completely
how do weak acids dissociate in water
they dissociate partially
what are the trends of binary acids in terms of increasing
increases from left to right as electronegativity (ability to attract electrons) increases, and from top to bottom as the strength of the bond decreases (it can dissociate easily)
how do you find the acid dissociation constant
convert to mols/L using c=n/V
plug into ICE table
Ka=[H3O+] [A]/[HA]
how do you find percent dissociation
Acid percent dissociation=[H3O+][HAi] times 100
Base percen concentration=[OH-][Bi] times 100
how do you find the equilibrium concentration of the ionization of a base
Kb=[BH][OH-]/[B]
kw=(Ka) (Kb)
what are the trends of oxyacids
the strength increases with the number of oxygen atoms found in the acid
HClO (aq), HClO2 (aq), HClO3 (aq). HClO4 the strength increases to the right
what is salt?
an ionic compound produces as a result of a neutralization reaction of an acid and a base
salt hydrolysis
when salt reacts with water to produce ions
what makes a solution acidic during hydrolysis?
when there is a neutralization of a strong acid and a weak base
when the acid overpowers the base during the neutralization reaction
Hydro like water
what makes a solution basic during hydrolysis?
when the base overpowers the acids when there is a strong base and a weak acid during the neutralization reaction
what is a buffer solution?
made by mixing a usually a weak acid together with its conjugate base that is strong, and a weak base with its conjugate acid that is strong
a solution that resists change in pH, and its capacity is a pH of 7
titration
quantitive analysis of neutralization reactions
mixing to make neutralization
is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration called a titrant to another solution of unknown concentration called a tirand but a known volume until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is indicated by a change in colour
a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another solution
indicator
weak acids that change colour as the concentration of hydronium ion changes
substances that give a visible sign, usually a change in colour with pH and suggest a chemical reaction has occurred
endpoint
the physical change in colour when the reaction is complete
when the indicator changes colour
equivalence point
point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react with a substance in a solution that is being titrated, when the solution becomes neutral
Describe what a strong acid strong base titration graph looks like?
graph line starts from the bottom, specifically, a pH of 1, then reaches an equivalence point/neutralization at 7, then goes up to a pH of 12
describe the graph of a weak acid strong base titration
the graph starts at 3, and reaches equivalence at a pH of 8, above 7 meaning, the solution is basic, then goes up to pH at 12
Describe weak base strong acid titration graph
the graphs start from the top at a pH of 13, then reach equivalence at a pH of 5, below 7 meaning, the solution is acidic, then goes down to a pH of 2
quantitative analysis
a scientific approach where raw data is manipulated to give meaningful information
what makes a solution basic?
with the pH is above 7 for example 8 and there is more hydroxide than hydronium
what makes a solution acidic?
when the pH is below 7 for example 3 and the concentration of hydronium stronger than the concentration of hydroxide
What is the difference between acids, bases, and amphiprotic substances in terms of their molecular formula?
for acids, the formula begins with H
for bases, the formula has an OH at the end
for amphiprotic substances the formula has H at the beginning, and O at the end with a negative
