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NME > Acid base balance > Flashcards

Acid base balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbolic (volatile) acids?

A

Generated from metabolism and fats
Produced as CO2 -> converted to H+ and HCO3-
Reconverted back to CO2 -> eliminated by lungs

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2
Q

What are non-carbolic (non-volatile) acids?

A

Generated from metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids

Buffered with HCO3- -> Eliminated by kidneys through loss of H+

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3
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

A

Controls pH of body fluids.

Dependent on concentration of HCO3-/pCO2

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4
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

What buffers extracellular fluid?

A

Bicarbonate

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6
Q

What buffers Intracellular fluid?

A

Phosphate

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7
Q

What buffers bones to deal with acid load?

A

Carbonates

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8
Q

What is the normal urine pH?

A

4.6-8

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9
Q

What are the main sites of acid excretion in the nephron?

A

PCT

Intercalated cells of cortical collecting ducts

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10
Q

For ever Na+ reabsorbed in PCT, what is excreted?

A

H+ ion

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11
Q

For every H+ ion excreted in the PCT, what is reabsorbed back?

A

HCO3-

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12
Q

What is the most prevalent filtered buffer in the distal nephron?

A

Hydrogren Phosphate

HPO4-2

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13
Q

What major adaptive responses are there to acid load in the PCT?

A

Ammonium excretion in PCT

Direct diffusion of lipid soluble ammonia

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14
Q

What are some common causes of metabolic acidosis?

A 
Bicarb loss
- Diarrhoea, diuretics
Acid ingestion - aspirin 
Endogenous acid production - Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis
Decrease acid excretion - RF
Inadequate O2 delivery 
-anaerobic metabolism
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15
Q

What is the common cause of metabolic alkalosis (Increased HCO3-)

A

Loss of acid

-Vomitting

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16
Q

Is metabolic acidosis associated with hyper or hypokalaemia?

A

Hyperkalaemia

Metabolic alkalosis - Hypo

17
Q

Why does metabolic acidosis cause hyperkalaemia?

A

Na+ and H+ pushed into cell

Drives K+ out of cell into circulation

18
Q

What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?

A

IV sodium bicarb 2.7% (If volume deplete)
IV furosemide (if volume replete)
Dialysis

19
Q

What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis?

A

IV Na+/KCL

20
Q

Patients with AKI often develop metabolic what? Why?

A

Acidosis

Failure to excrete H+

21
Q

What are the two main compensatory organs that restore physiological balance?

A

Lungs

Kidneys

NME (9 decks)

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