acid base Flashcards
1
Q
1. The effects of alkalemia, except: Select one: a. increased excitability b. peripheral vasodilation c. tissue hypoxia d. muscle twitching e. dizziness, numbness
A
a/b
2
Q
2. Important organs in H+ production and excretion, except: Select one: a. kidney b. liver c. lung d. sweat glands e. bone
A
d
3
Q
Characteristic of type 2 RTA, except: Select one: a. proximal HCO3 – reabsorption ↓ b. may cause hypokalemia c. my cause hyperkalemia d. can be due to drugs inhibiting carbonic anhydrase e. loss of Na+ and K+
A
c
4
Q
5. In chronic respiratory acidosis (pCO2 = 55 mmHg): Select one: a. aHCO3 – < stHCO3 - b. aHCO3 – = stHCO3 – c. aHCO3 – ↑↑; stHCO3 – ↑ d. stHCO3 – ↑; aHCO3 – not changed e. aHCO3 – ↑↑; stHCO3 – ↑
A
c/e
5
Q
6. Indicative of respiratory acidosis: Select one: a. pCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35 b. pCO2 < 26 mmHg and pH <7.35 c. pCO2 > 26 mmHg and pH < 7.35 d. pCO2 = 40 mmHg and pH <7.35 e. pCO2 < 45 mmHg and pH <7.35
A
a
6
Q
7. Which of the following data indicate a simple respiratory alkalosis? Select one: a. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – = 24 mmol/l b. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l c. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – < 24 mmol/l d. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l e. pCO2 = 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l
A
c
7
Q
8. Which of the following data may indicate a simple respiratory alkalosis? Select one or more: a. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l b. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – < 24 mmol/l c. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – = 24 mmol/l d. pCO2 = 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l
A
b
8
Q
Characteristic of ethylene glycol poisoning: Select one or more: a. it may cause metabolic alkalosis b. it may cause kidney failure c. AG > 14 mmol/l d. osmolar gap increased
A
b/c/d
9
Q
10. The most common cause of AG acidosis, except: Select one: a. Addison’s disease b. inflammation c. diabetic ketoacidosis d. ethanol e. lactic acid
A
a
10
Q
11. Which of the following data indicate a simple metabolic alkalosis? Select one: a. pCO2 = 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l b. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – < 24 mmol/l c. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – = 24 mmol/l d. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l e. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l
A
d
11
Q
12. Which of the following may cause AG acidosis? Select one or more: a. diarrhea b. none of them c. lactic acidosis d. diabetic ketoacidosis
A
c/d
12
Q
13. Which of the following data may indicate a simple respiratory acidosis? Select one or more: a. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – = 24 mmol/l b. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l c. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – > 24 mmol/l d. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3 – < 24 mmol/l
A
b
13
Q
- Indicative of hyperchloremic acidosis, if the urinary AG (UAG):
Select one:
a. UAG < -10 mmol/l
b. UAG is not suitable to make the diagnosis
c. UAG > +10 mmol/l
d. UAG < +10 mmol/l
e. –10 mmol/l < UAG < +10 mmol/l
A
a
14
Q
15. The daily volatile acid production is: Select one: a. 15 mol/kg bw b. 15 mmol c. 1 mmol/kg bw d. 15 mol e. 15 mmol/kg bw
A
c
15
Q
16. Causes of respiratory acidosis: Select one: a. salicylate overdose b. emphysema c. low pO2 d. fever e. respiratory center lesions
A
b
16
Q
- Characteristic of type 1 RTA:
Select one or more:
a. can occur in sickle cell anemia
b. decreased production of NH4+ by the distal tubular cells
c. can be caused by Amphotericin B therapy
d. classic type, associated with a defect of the distal H+/ATP-ase activity
A
a/c/d
17
Q
18. Characteristic of type 1 RTA, except: Select one: a. urine pH > 5.5 b. can be caused by SLE c. hypercalciuria d. distal HCO3– reabsorption ↓ e. distal H+ secretion ↓
A
d
18
Q
19. Causes of hyperchloremic acidosis: Select one or more: a. hypoaldosteronism b. upper airway infection c. hyperosmolar nonketotic coma d. Aspirin therapy
A
a/c
19
Q
20. Which of the following may cause an AG acidosis with an increased osmolar gap? Select one or more: a. ketoacidosis b. ethylene glycol poisoning c. methanol intoxication d. lactic acidosis
A
b/c
20
Q
21. Causes of metabolic alkalosis: Select one: a. inflammation b. lactic acid c. ethanol d. diabetic ketoacidosis e. Addison’s disease
A
e
21
Q
22. Which of the following data indicate a simple respiratory acidosis? Select one: a. pCO2 = 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l b. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l c. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l d. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– < 24 mmol/l e. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– = 24 mmol/l
A
d
22
Q
23. The most common cause of AG acidosis, except: Select one: a. lactic acid b. inflammation c. diabetic ketoacidosis d. Addison’s disease e. ethanol
A
d
23
Q
24. The role of liver in the regulation of acid-base balance, except: Select one: a. production of plasma proteins b. CO2 production c. glycogen storage d. metabolism of organic acids e. metabolism of ammonium
A
c
24
Q
25. Indicative of respiratory alkalosis: Select one: a. pCO2 < 35 mmHg and pH < 7.45 b. pCO2 = 40 mmHg and pH > 7.45 c. pCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH > 7.35 d. pCO2 < 35 mmHg and pH > 7.45 e. pCO2 < 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35
A
d
25
```
26. In chronic respiratory acidosis (pCO2 = 60 mmHg):
Select one:
a. aHCO3– ↑; stHCO3– not changed
b. aHCO3– < stHCO3–
c. aHCO3– > stHCO3–
d. aHCO3– = stHCO3–
e. stHCO3– ↑; aHCO3– not changed
```
a
26
```
27. The daily nonvolatile acid production is:
Select one:
a. 1 mmol/kg bw
b. 15 mmol/kg bw
c. 15 mol/kg bw
d. 15 mol
e. 15 mmol
```
a
27
```
28. The normal H+ concentration in the arterial blood:
Select one:
a. 7.35-7.45 nmol/l
b. 36-44 nmol/l
c. 36-44 μmol/l
d. 10-30 nmol/l
e. 68-74 nmol/l
```
b
28
```
29. Which of the molecules made by the distal tubular cells from glutamine?
Select one:
a. 2NH4+/2H2PO4–/2HCO3–
b. 4NH4+/glucose/2HCO3–
c. 2NH4+/glucose/2HCO3–
d. NH4+/glucose/HCO3–
e. 2NH4+/2HCO3–
```
c
29
```
30. The causes of respiratory alkalosis except:
Select one:
a. respiratory center lesions
b. ARDS
c. fever
d. low pO2
e. salicylate overdose
```
b
30
```
31. Value of AG in metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate:
Select one:
a. 1-3 mEq/l
b. 3-6 mEq/l
c. 6-10 mEq/l
d. 10-14 mEq/l
e. 14-16 mEq/l
```
d
31
32. Which statements are true?
Select one or more:
a. a respiratory alteration is chronic if stHCO3– is increased
b. a respiratory alteration is acute if aHCO3– is in the normal range
c. a metabolic acidosis is compensated if ΔpCO2 ≈ BE
d. a metabolic alkalosis is compensated if ΔpCO2 ≈ BE
a/c
32
```
33. Which of the following buffer system has the highest capacity in the blood?
Select one:
a. phosphate
b. albumin
c. sulfate
d. hemoglobin
e. bicarbonate
```
d
33
```
34. The causes of respiratory acidosis except:
Select one:
a. paralysis of the respiratory muscles
b. emphysema
c. drug abuse
d. ARDS
e. pneumonia
```
c
34
```
35. Which of the following data indicate a simple metabolic acidosis?
Select one:
a. pCO2 = 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l
b. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– < 24 mmol/l
c. pCO2 > 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l
d. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– = 24 mmol/l
e. pCO2 < 40 mmHg; stHCO3– > 24 mmol/l
```
b
35
36. Which of the following statement is true?
Select one:
a. 88% of the filtrated HCO3– reabsorbed int he distal tubules
b. the distal tubular cells make 2 molecules of NH4+ and 1 molecule of HCO3– from glutamine
c. significant amount of H+ excreted in the proximal tubular cells
d. the kidney filtrates about 15 mol HCO3– daily
e. the filtered titratable acidity originates mainly from H2PO4–
e
36
```
37. Characteristic of type 4 RTA, except:
Select one:
a. can develop due to NSAID therapy
b. diabetic nephropathy may cause it
c. hyperkalemia
d. serum renin activity is always high
e. can be due to Addison’s disease
```
b
37
```
38. Metabolic alkalosis may be due to:
Select one or more:
a. Conn’s syndrome
b. Ethanol intoxication
c. Ethylene glycol poisoning
d. Diarrhea
```
a/d
38
39. The effects of acidemia, except:
Select one:
a. increased sympathetic transmission
b. cardiac depression
c. decreased release of neural transmitters
d. decreased parasympathetic transmission
e. decreased catecholamine effect
a
39
```
40. Buffer components of the blood, except:
Select one:
a. H3PO4/H2PO4–
b. H2SO4/SO42-
c. hemoglobin
d. albumin
e. H2CO3/HCO3–
```
b
