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Patho 2 > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

pH

A

potential of the H+ ion
- concentration of H+ in a solution

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2
Q

As H+ increase, so does…

A

acidity (pH decreases)

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3
Q

What can acids do?

A

Donate H+

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4
Q

Bases properties

A
  • fewer H+
  • accept H+ and give up OH-
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5
Q

How do strong and weak acids act in solution?

A
  • dissociate fully in solution (give up all H+)
  • weak acids dissociate partially
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6
Q

Hydrogen ion properties

A
  • maintain cell wall
  • part of H2O
  • help with enzyme activity
  • help with enzyme production
  • part of sugar, starch, fats, and protein–energy production
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7
Q

normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

How is pH measured?

A

in blood serum

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9
Q

Most acidic part of the body

A

stomach; HCl–damaging outside of the stomach

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10
Q

Which other body parts help control gastric acid?

A

LES protects eso
Duodenum neutralizes it

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11
Q

What does pH affect?

A

hormones, oxygen transport and delivery, electrolytes (esp K, and Na, Cl) enzymes fxn (work w/i a narrow pH range)

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12
Q

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Curve for basing O2 partial pressure on Hgb O2 saturation (O2 sat with pulse ox)
- more basic, hgb holds on to oxygen more tightly and does not give it to the tissue
- more acidic, hgb gives up oxygen more readily (we prefer this if had to choose)

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13
Q

pH that is incompatible with life

A

Under 6.8 or over 7.8

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14
Q

Volatile acids

A
  • can be converted to gas
  • excrete/elim by lungs
  • carbonic acid and CO2
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15
Q

What does carbonic acid help with?

A

Helps the lungs to expel CO2

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16
Q

Non-volatile (fixed) acids

A
  • can’t be converted to a gas
  • lactic, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetoacetic, beta-hydroxybutyric
  • elim by kidneys (except lactic)
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17
Q

How is lactic acid excreted

A

Met by the body esp liver and kidney
- can be reconverted if oxygen is given back to tissue
- byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

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18
Q

Phosphoric acid fxn

A

Works with Ca to to form strong bones

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19
Q

Sulfuric acid fxn

A

Produced by pro met

20
Q

Acetoacetic acid

A

made by the liver

21
Q

beta-hydroxybutyric acid

A
  • inc with exercise, calorie restriction, fasting
  • diagnostic of DKA
22
Q

What things change pH

A

MANY
- ingested food and drink
- metab of lipids and pros
- cell metab waste products (CO2)

23
Q

Survivable range of pH

A

7.2-7.5/6
- want to avoid alkalosis bc harder to fix

24
Q

How is acid-base balance maintained?

A

With buffers, respiratory system, renal system

25
Q

Buffers

A
  • chems in the body that combine with acid or base to change pH
  • accept or release H
  • almost instant
  • short lived
26
Q

3 main buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers (hgb)

27
Q

Bicarbonate (carbonic acid) buffer

A
  • main ECF buffer
  • Co2 produced in cell metab combines with H20 to form carbonic acid
  • ## carbonic anhydrase in lungs, kidneys, etc b/d carbonic acid
28
Q

What does carbonic acid break into in the lungs?

A

H20 and CO2

29
Q

What does carbonic acid break down into in the kidneys?

A

H and HCO3

30
Q

Inc CO2 pushes the equation…

A

towards bicarb (more acid, more H+)

31
Q

Phosphate buffer

A
  • ICF buffer (main)
  • can’t measure what is there
  • picks up a H+ to balance
31
Q

Excess H+ pushes the equation towards…

A

H20 and CO2

32
Q

Protein buffers

A
  • most pros are buffers
  • carboxyl group (COOH) is a weak acid that gives up H (AAs and acetic acid)
  • amino group accepts H+ (both carboxyl and amino group, ammonia NH3)
  • Hgb included (picks up CO2 cellularly)
33
Q

Cellular compensation

A

Cells like a neutral charge
- H+ and potassium (K+) in the cell
- When person is acidic, H+ moves into the cell and K moves out (neutrality restored)
- process reverses when pH is corrected but if kidneys are working, they will excrete excess K so you can have a depletion of K

34
Q

Respiratory buffer mechanisms

A
  • body makes CO2 which helps make carbonic acid in the lungs primarily
  • exhalation excretes carbonic acid
  • chx rate/depth of breath which affects amount of CO2 exhaled
  • rate/depth dec if more alkalotic to retain CO2
  • does not affect fixed acids like lactic
35
Q

Kidneys buffer system mech

A
  • elim large amt of bases and acid except carbonic
  • can conserve and make bicarb ions to balance pH
  • most effective regulator of pH
  • if kidneys fail, pH balance fails
  • need normal fxn of kidneys to work; if not, need daily bicarb
36
Q

Main controller of carbonic acid

A

Lungs

37
Q

How quick does resp compensation occur?

A

minutes to hours

38
Q

How quick does renal compensation occur?

A

hours to days

39
Q

If acidotic, kidneys will respond how?

A

by inc reabs or bicarb (and making new) and inc secretion of H+ into the urine to raise the pH

40
Q

If alkalosis, kidneys will respond how?

A

by dec bicarb reabs and dec H+ into urine which lower pH

41
Q

What is compensation?

A

Attempt by body to return to homeostasis

42
Q

Compensation with a metabolic problem

A

Respiratory compensation: hypovent or hypervent (conserve or excrete CO2)

43
Q

Compensation with a resp problem

A

met compensation with renal sys by reabs HCO3 or excreting HCO3

44
Q

Patho of acid-base homeostasis with acidois

A

acidosis
stim brain and arterial receptors
RR inc
blood CO2 dec
carbonic acid dec
pH inc

Patho 2 (15 decks)

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