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Intro 2 to General/Inorganic Chem > Acid and Base reactions > Flashcards

Acid and Base reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a super acid?

A

Super acids are stronger than sulfuric acids. (capable of protonating H2SO4)

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2
Q

What is a magic acid?

A

Mixture of Bronsted/Lewis acids: Mix of SbF5/HSO3F (can protonate saturated hydrocarbons)

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3
Q

What is paraffin?

A 
saturated hydrocarbon (no electron pairs left) 
eg. methane
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4
Q

Caution with HCl

A

conc. HCl releases highly currosive fume

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5
Q

Caution with H2SO4

A
  • highly hydroscopic
  • reaction with water is highly exothermic
  • organic substances carbonize upon contact with H2SO4
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6
Q

How is nitric acid produced?

A

2NO2 + H2O –> 2HNO3 + NO

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7
Q

Features of HNO3

A
  • upon reaction with metal, toxic nitrogen oxides NO are formed
  • usage: fertilizers, explosives
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8
Q

Properties of carbonic acid

A

H2CO3:

  • weak diprotic acid
  • forms water hardness from dissolved carbonates/sulfates (eg. Gypsum, lime)
  • when heated, insoluble sulfates/carbonates are formed
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9
Q

How can water be softened?

A

dissolved salts must be removed through:

  • distillation
  • chelating
  • precipitation
  • ion exchange resin
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10
Q

how can water be softened through chelating?

A

addition of ligands masking the cations

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11
Q

How can water be softened through precipitation?

A

addition of substances to precipitate the cations

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12
Q

What is the Haber Bosch production?

A

Production of ammonia (NH3)

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13
Q

Characteristics of NH3

A
  • colourless gas,
  • toxic
  • pungent odour
  • highly water soluble
    uses: fertilizer, explosives
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14
Q

Caution of Hydroxides

A

very corrosive, damaging to eye

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15
Q

What do hard acids preferably react with?

A

Hard bases

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16
Q

What are characteristics of hard acids?

A

small, compact, non-polarizable, high charge

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17
Q

Characteristics of soft acids/bases

A

large, more diffused distribution of electrons, polarizable

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18
Q

Which one has higher lattice enthalpy, AgF or AgI?

A

AgI has high lattice enthalpy.

Ag+ is a soft acid, and I- is softer than F-

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19
Q

For Ag X, does X have to be a hard or a soft base for it to be soluble?

A

Must be hard. Soft- Hard = polar = soluble

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20
Q

What kind of combination of soft/hard acid base must be present for the compound to be soluble?

A

Soft-Hard = polar = polar

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21
Q

How is the charge density of hard acids?

A

high charge density (metal ions have high positive charge and small ionic radius)
- d -orbitals do NOT engage in pi bonds

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22
Q

How is the charge density of soft acids?

A

low charge density (low ionic charge and large ionic radius)

- d-orbitals are available for pi bonding

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23
Q

Where are soft acids usually found?

A

2nd or 3rd row of transition metals with +1 / +2 charge and filled or almost filled

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24
Q

Is H2O a hard or soft base?

A

hard

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25
Q

is OH- a hard or soft base?

A

hard

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26
Q

Is NH3 a hard or a soft base?

A

hard

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27
Q

is BH3 a hard or a soft acid?

A

soft

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28
Q

Is NO2- a hard or soft base?

A

border

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29
Q

is SO3 a hard or soft acid?

A

hard

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30
Q

is NO3- a hard or soft base?

A

hard

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31
Q

is SO4 2- a hard or soft base?

A

hard

32
Q

What are characteristics of hard bases?

A

Low charge, high electronegativity and small

33
Q

Do strength of acid and bases have anything to HSAB?

A

no

34
Q

Does HSAB or Acid Base Strength override a reaction?

A

HSAB

35
Q

What is HOMO

A

highest occupied molecular orbital

36
Q

what is LUMO?

A

Lowest UNoccupied molecular orbital

37
Q

How is the interaction of LUMOs and HOMOs for Lewis acid and bases?

A

HOMO of base intereacts with LUMO of Lewis acid. MOs of adducts are lower in energy (stable)

38
Q

What kind of orbitals are LUMOs and HOMOs

A

frontier orbitals

39
Q

For ionic interaction to occur, must the difference in energy be large or small?

A

Large

40
Q

Are Hard - Hard interactions , ionic or covalent?

A

ionic

41
Q

Do hard acids have high or low LUMO?

A

High

42
Q

Do soft acids have high or low LUMO?

A

low

43
Q

Do hard bases have high or low HOMO?

A

low

44
Q

Do soft bases have high or low HOMO

A

high

45
Q

Are Soft-Soft interactions, ionic or covalent?

A

covalent (low energy difference between LUMO and HOMO)

46
Q

General rule for period 2 elements?

A

Prefer double bonds

47
Q

Do hard nucleophiles (OH-) react better with hard (H+) or soft electrophile (Br+)?

A

Hard-Hard combination

48
Q

Are alkenes soft or hard nucleophiles?

A

soft

49
Q

If an alkene is a soft nucleophile, does it have high or low HOMO?

A

high

50
Q

Does a soft electrophile have a high or low LUMO?

A

low

51
Q

What is activity defined as?

A

a(X) = f(X) · c(X)

52
Q

what is f(x) (activity coefficient) equal to when the solution is dilute?

A

f(x) = 1

53
Q

As concentration or ionic charge increases what happens to f(x)?

A

becomes 0

54
Q

What are general requirements for titrations?

A
  1. definite reaction
  2. fast & quantitive
  3. titrant must be stable
  4. end point must be able to be determined
55
Q

What are common titration methods?

A
  1. acid-base titration
  2. redox titration
  3. complexation titration
  4. precipitation titration
56
Q

What is a bronsted Lowry acid?

A

Proton donor

57
Q

Water can act as both an acid and a base. What is this property called?

A

amphotheric

58
Q

Definition of concentration

A

amount of pure compound per volume

59
Q

if Ka is very large what does it say about the strength of the acid?

A

the higher Ka, the stronger

60
Q

How can the strength of an acid be determined?

A
  • strength of H-X bond
    similar size = stronger bond (more overlap) = weaker acid
  • polarity of molecule
    more polar = readily ionized = stronger acid
61
Q

If Y becomes more electronegative in Y - OH bond (oxyacids), does it become a stronger or weaker acid?

A

the more electronegative Y is, the weaker the OH bond = stronger acid

62
Q

if more oxygen atoms are added, does it wekaen or strengthen the acid?

A

the more oxygen atoms, the stronger the acid

  • O atoms cause electron deficiency of central atom
  • OH bond becomes more polar
63
Q

What is a Lewis acid?

A

Electron pair acceptor

64
Q

As non metals act as Lewis acids, what kind of bonds do they form?

A

covalent

65
Q

What kind of bond do basic oxides form in compound?

A

Ionic

66
Q

What are cations usually in terms of Lewis acid base theory?

A

weak Lewis acids

67
Q

What is the degree of protolysis?

A

ratio between dissociated and initial amount of an electrolyte

α = [H+]/{HA]0

68
Q

What is the equation for the degree of protolysis for weak acids?

A

α = square root (Ka/[HA]0)

69
Q

What is the degree of titration?

A

= amount of titrant/ initial amount of analyte

70
Q

name an indicator for a strong acid -strong base titration

A

litmus (pka = 6.5)

71
Q

name an indicator for a weak base - strong acid titration

A

methyl orange (pka = 3.4)

72
Q

name an indicator for a weak acid - strong base titration

A

phenophthalein (pKa = 9.4)

73
Q

what is a buffer?

A
  • can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base is added.
  • consists of weak acid/base and its conjugate partner
74
Q

What is a buffer capacity?

A

max. amount of acid/base that can be added before buffer cannot resist pH change
- conc. buffer has a greater capacity

75
Q

what is a displacement reaction?

A

volatile/insoluble weak acids/bases are removed by addition of strong base/acid (due to shift in equilibrium

Intro 2 to General/Inorganic Chem (6 decks)

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