ACE Fitness Essentials CH 2 Exercise Physiology

Question 1

Is increase respiratory capacity a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 1

Chronic adaptation

Question 2

Is decreased blood pressure and moderately hypertensive individual a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 2

Chronic adaptation

Question 3

Is the increase cardiac output a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 3

Acute response

Question 4

Is lower resting heart rate a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 4

Chronic adaptation

Question 5

Is increased aerobic capacity a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 5

Chronic adaptation

Question 6

Is increase systolic blood pressure a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 6

Acute response

Question 7

Is increase pulmonary ventilation a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 7

Acute response

Question 8

Is improved body composition a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 8

Chronic adaptation

Question 9

His depletion of phosphagens and accumulation of lactate a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 9

Acute response

Question 10

His decreased flow of blood to visceral organs a acute response or a chronic adaptation to regular aerobic exercise training?

Answer 10

Acute response

Question 11

What hormone promotes protein and triglyceride during prolonged exercise?

Answer 11

Cortisol

Question 12

What hormone plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance?

Answer 12

Estrogen

Question 13

what increase cardiac output and causes glycogenolysis during exercise?

Answer 13

Epinephrine

Question 14

What hormone limits sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolytes balance during exercise?

Answer 14

Aldosterone

Question 15

What hormone reduces the urinary excretion of water?

Answer 15

Vasporessin

Question 16

Which hormone causes the release of free fatty acids in the bloodstream?

Answer 16

Glucagon

Question 17

What hormone facilitates protein synthesis in the body?

Answer 17

Growth hormone

Question 18

Explain the mechanism by which conditions like asthma and emphysema limits exercise performance.

Answer 18

Individual illnesses to limit respiration are unable to move air through your long set adequately at aerate the alveoli and thereby oxygenate the blood. As a result, the the blood leaving the lungs is not significantly loaded with oxygen and exercise capacity is diminished. Additionally, because the brain is very sensitive to CO2 concentration in the blood, the exerciser will feel it an urgent need to stop exercising.

Question 19

Explain the mechanism by which the myocardial infraction limits exercise performance.

Answer 19

The injection fraction may be reduce after loss of heart muscle tissue following a myocardial infraction. The injection fraction represents the contractile force of the heart, a key factor in the increase in stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat) that is needed to increase cardiac output (the quality of blood pump per minute). A limited cardiac output leads to a decrease amount of oxygen reaching the active tissues.

Question 20

Explain why adenosine triphosphate (ATP) must continually be re-synthesized in order for muscular work to continue. What are the three systems used to synthesize ATP and how quickly do they each respond to the need for energy?

Answer 20

While ATP can be stored within the cells, the amount stored and immediately available for muscle contraction is extremely limited, and is significant for only a few seconds of muscular work. The response occurs when more or less immediately viathe phosphagen system, somewhat more slowly with the anaerobic production of ATP from carbohydrates, or still more slowly with the aerobic production of ATP either carbohydrates or fat.

Question 21

An individual exercising at a very high intensity at high altitude experienced a painful “burning” in her muscles. Explained the physiological mechanism causing this adverse response to exercise. How would replacing her high intensity workout with moderate intensity exercise help change your body’s response?

Answer 21

Because she is exercising a high altitude, it is likely that the relative availability of oxygen in the air is reduced, and the pyruvate inner muscle is being converted to lactate instead of entering the Kreb’s cycle, which use the energy needed to the continue exercise. An accumulation of lactate is associated with changes in the muscle pH, which contributes to muscle fatigue and may lead to a painful muscle burn. Modify the intensity of her workout prevent the production of lactate and allow her to see exercising for longer durations.

Question 22

How would you respond to a client or class participant who wants to keep exercising at a low intensity in order to lose weight and burn body fat, instead of progressing into more intense workouts?

Answer 22

Studies have shown that while a higher percentage of calories burned during low intensity exercise come from fat, the total number of fat calories is less than during higher intensity exercise because of the higher numbers of total calories burned. Perhaps the most important thing to remind the client is that the total number of calories burned is what determines weight loss, regardless of the source of those calories.

Question 23

Explain the body’s acute responses to aerobic exercise, beginning with the commencement of exercise and ending with exercisers reaches a new level of steady-state.

Answer 23

With the commencement of exercise, on oxygen deficient occurs, which mean that the actual VO2 (oxygen consumption) that I immediately meet the body’s need for oxygen. During the first 2 to 4 minutes, the anaerobic metabolic systems produce the energy needed to carry out the exercise. Phosphagens are depleted and lactate accumulates. But her cardiorespiratory system has fully responded, a new level oxygen consumption is achieved at which point exercise get the feel more comfortable.

Question 24

Explain the body’s response to cessation of a single bout of aerobic exercise.

Answer 24

With the cessation of exercise, the requirement for oxygen returns to the initial resting level. As cardiac output, blood pressure, and respiratory ventilation returns to resting levels, oxygen consumption slowly declines as well, but still elevated above resting levels. This is called excess posts exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The energy produced during this time is used to replenish the depleted phosphagens, to eliminate accumulated lactate if it has not already been cleared from the blood, and to restore other homeostatic conditions.

Question 25

An individual is performing aerobic training session when he tries after only a few minutes and began to hyperventilate. What is the likely cause of the rapid fatigue and increased rate of respiration? Explain the physiological mechanisms at work

Answer 25

If exercise intensity is so high that the body cannot meet all the metabolic demands of the muscles via steady-state aerobic metabolism, the muscle have to supplement ATP production by anaerobic metabolism (i.e., the client has exceeded the anaerobic threshold). At this point, lactate accumulates progressively in the blood, the oxygen deficit and corresponding access post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) are extremely high.

Question 26

An individual is performing aerobic training session when he tries after only a few minutes and began to hyperventilate. What is the likely cause of the rapid fatigue and increased rate of respiration? Explain the physiological mechanisms at work

Answer 26

If exercise intensity is so high that the body cannot meet all the metabolic demands of the muscles by steady-state aerobic metabolism, the muscles have to supplement ATP production by anaerobic metabolism (i.e., the client has exceeded the anaerobic threshold). At this point, lactate accumulates progressively in the blood, the oxygen deficit and corresponding excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) or extremely high, and exercise cannot be performed for more a few minutes. As the body tries to remove acid metabolites from system, the CO2 provides a powerful stimulus to the respiratory system, and the body increases respiration and attempt to "blow off" the excess CO2.

Question 27

The _______ blood pressure increases during exercise as a result of the increase in contractile strength of the heart and provides the driving force that pushes blood through the system. The ________ blood pressure stays the same or decreases slightly because the vasodilation of the blood vessels within the working muscles.

Answer 27

Systolic , DIastolic

Question 28

Chronic aerobic exercise causes changes to the cardiorespiratory system, including improved cardiac efficiency, increase respiratory Capacity, and increase maximal oxygen consumption. Explain, how do these improvements can enhance the clients quality of life.

Answer 28

These improvements provide a greater physiological reserve that allows a client to perform everyday activities will less stressed and strain on the body.

Question 29

A client or class participant mentions that she is concerned that she is not had menstrual cycle is several months sinse increasing it intensity of her training regimen and preparation for college athletes. What might be the reason for this change and is a real cause for concern?

Answer 29

Excessively high levels of chronic exercise training and low body weight may decrease estrogen levels to the point were some of the math is normal or have the menstrual cycle, a condition called amenorrhea. Because his condition has been associated with osteoporosis and increase risk of bone fractures, there is a cause for concern. This individual should be referred to healthcare professional.

Question 30

During outdoor training session individual be can sweating profusely and complains of headache and nausea, what mostly cause of the symptoms? How will you respond to the situation?

Answer 30

The individual is likely suffering from heat exhaustion. He or she should stop exercising, drink fluids, moved to a cool, ventilated area, a lay down with the feet elevated 12 to 18 inches. The fitness professional should monitor the individuals body temperature.

Question 31

How did estrogen and testosterone levels affect the variances in body fat levels and responses to exercise seen in men and woman?

Answer 31

Woman will tend to have more body fat secondary to the presence of estrogen, and men will have more muscle mass attributable to the presence of testosterone. Additionally, testosterone magnifies the training response, so that the response to a given training stimulus is both larger and more rapid in men

Question 32

Identify the components of physical fitness: after completing three weeks of physical therapy, your client needs to continue improving the range of motion of the shoulder joints.

Answer 32

Flexibility

Question 33

Identify the components of physical fitness: your client is having hip replacement surgery in two months. You want her to be able to transfer herself in and out of her wheelchair.

Answer 33

muscular strength

Question 34

Identify the components of physical fitness: Joseph is set 55-year-old CEO of a large company. He has a difficult time managing the stress of the job and looking for a way to reduce the stress.

Answer 34

Mind/body vitality

Question 35

Identify the components of physical fitness: Elaine has gained 65 pounds in the last two years as a result of poor nutritional choices. Her doctor just informed her that she is set prediabetic.

Answer 35

Body composition

Question 36

Cardiovascular endurance is dependent on what three processes?

Answer 36

Oxygen-carrying capacity oxygen delivery (Q = HR x SV) oxygen extraction

Question 37

At rest, cardiac output averages approximately ___ L per minute

Answer 37

5 L (1.3 gallons)

Question 38

During maximal exercise, cardiac output increases to ____ L per minute and can increase up to ______ L per minute in highly trained individuals

Answer 38

20 - 25 L ( ~ 5 - 6.5 gallons) , 30 - 40 L (~8 to 10.5 gallons)

Question 39

________ increases in a linear fashion up to maximal levels.

Answer 39

HR (heart rate)

Question 40

________ increases up to approximately 40 to 50% of the individual maximal capacity and then plateaus.

Answer 40

SV (stroke volume)

Question 41

During intense exercise, your client tital volume decreases. What can cause this to happen?

Answer 41

There is inadequate exchange of gases in the alveoli. The level of oxygen is too low and the level of carbon dioxide is too high. Thus, he or she is unable to breathe efficiently.

Question 42

Your client is anemic. How does this affect his or her cardiorespiratory abilities?

Answer 42

He or she will fatigue very easily because there is not significant oxygen in the blood.

Question 43

Through training, your client has increased the size and numbers of mitochondria in the cells. What is the result of this adaption?

Answer 43

He is able to extract more oxygen from the blood and produce a higher level of ATP.

Question 44

During exercise, your client’s heart rate and stroke volume increase. What causes this increase in stroke volume?

Answer 44

There is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart, as well as increase in the ejection fraction, which makes the heart contract more forcefully.

Question 45

Protein is broken down as _________. Normally used for growth and repair of tissue and used for _______

Answer 45

amino acid, lean body mass.

Question 46

Fat is broken down as _________. Can be used immediately as ATP or stored as _________

Answer 46

fatty acid, adipose tissue.

Question 47

Carbohydrate is broken down as ______. Can be used immediately as ATP or stored as _________

Answer 47

Glucose, glycogen in the muscles or liver

Question 48

During high-intensity workouts, when there is inadequate oxygen, pyruvate converts into ______.

Answer 48

Lactate

Question 49

Beta oxidation is a result of ______.

Answer 49

the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP.

Question 50

 Aerobic glycolysis occurs in the cells’ _________, and anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the cell’ ________

Answer 50

mitochondria, cytoplasm

Question 51

__________ is the primary nutrient utilized during high-intensity exercise.

Answer 51

carbohydrate

Question 52

Oxidative glycolysis occurs as a result of sufficient __________ in the mitochondria.

Answer 52

oxygen

Question 53

As exercise intensity increases and oxygen availability becomes more limited, _________ become the more dominant source of energy.

Answer 53

carbohydrates

Question 54

____________ are released into the blood stream to increase our heart rate and stroke volume for our cardiac output.

Answer 54

Hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

Question 55

Beginning of exercise takes ________ to meet the increased metabolic demands for oxygen.

Answer 55

~ two to four minutes

Question 56

If the body cannot keep up with the demand for oxygen, _________ are depleted and _________accumulates.

Answer 56

phosphagens, lactate

Question 57

If the body cannot achieve its steady-state, anaerobic metabolism will continue to produce ATP. At this point, the individual exercising would exceed their __________.

Answer 57

anaerobic threshold (AT)

Question 58

________ is the increase in respiration. Used as the indirect marker of the AT.

Answer 58

ventilatory threshold (VT)

Question 59

__________ is the first change in breathing. Occurs the first time lactate begins to accumulate in the blood. The extra CO2 being produced is buffered by acid metaboli

Answer 59

Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1)

Question 60

__________ is when lactate production is very high and the expeniture of CO2 can no longer buffer the acidity. Also known as the Lactate threshold.

Answer 60

Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT2)

Question 61

What is the SAID principle?

Answer 61

SAID = Specific adaption to imposed demands. Improves cardiac efficiency (increase SV and a lower HR), decreased in respiratory capacity, and increase in maximal oxygen consumption.

Question 62

________ occurs when • metabolism increase due to increase in body temperature.

Answer 62

Q10 Effect

Question 63

high – level athletes perform 10 – 15% of their training at _____ intensity.

Answer 63

VT2

Question 64

________ is the point when CO2 expenditure can no longer buffer the increase in acidity

Answer 64

lactate threshold

Question 65

If you continue to increase the demand on the heart during cardiovascular exercise, the aerobic capacity will increase is an example of what?

Answer 65

SAID principle

Question 66

__________ facilitate protein synthesis in the body by transporting nutrients from outside the cell to inside, where there incorporated into cell proteins

Answer 66

growth hormone (GH)

Question 67

__________ help reduce urinal excretion of water in response to the archery effect of sweating during exercise

Answer 67

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin

Question 68

___________ increase cardiac output, help the liver break down glucose so it can be released into the bloodstream and use by active muscles

Answer 68

epinephrine/norepinephrine

Question 69

_________ acts by limiting sodium excretion in the urine to help maintain electrolyte balance during exercise. Also help maintain blood glucose level during prolonged exercise by promoting protein and triglyceride breakdown

Answer 69

Aldosterone/cortisol

Question 70

________ is released when blood glucose levels is too high, it facilitate glucose removal from the blood, and transport it back to the tissues so levels can return to normal.

Answer 70

insulin

Question 71

The release of ________, release blood glucose back into the bloodstream when blood sugar levels are low

Answer 71

glucagon

Question 72

__________ is a primary male sex hormone and has muscle building effects

Answer 72

testosterone

Question 73

__________ is primarily female sex hormone, plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance

Answer 73

estrogen

Question 74

Francine practices hot yoga. The room temperature is 103°F (39°C) and she is in a class or 60 minutes. The release of _________ will help reduce the excretion of water in her urine, thereby helping prevent any further dehydration.

Answer 74

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 75

Christopher is an endurance athlete. He often gets low blood sugar during his long workouts. Was the liver recognizes the release of glucagon from the pancreas, _________ is released to help increase his blood sugar levels.

Answer 75

glucose

Question 76

 During a triathlon, cortisol help maintain blood glucose level by promoting the breakdown of __________ and __________.

Answer 76

protein, triglycerides

Question 77

Your about to start a race. The increase in heart rate is partially due to the release of __________.

Answer 77

epinephrine

Question 78

The stop now temperature for most people it’s proximally _________

Answer 78

104°F (40°C)

Question 79

_________ usually develops in nonacclimatized individuals and is typically a result of inadequate circulatory adjustments to exercise combined with fluid loss.

Answer 79

heat exhaustion

Question 80

_______ represent complete failure of the heat regulating mechanism, with a core temperature exceeding 104°F (40°C).

Answer 80

Heat stroke

Question 81

It takes ____weeks for the body to acclimatize to the high altitude

Answer 81

two

Question 82

You are about to teach an outdoor boot camp class. It is 85°F (29°C) outside with 60% relative humidity. What is the most appropriate action at this time?

Answer 82

As a structure for the boot camp class, you can: • have them work at a lower intensity • take breaks office of participants can re-hydrate • try to stay in the shade it much as possible • encourage participants to wear lightweight, well-ventilated clothes

Question 83

Noelle has is jumping to Colorado to begin a five day hiking trip through the mountains. She has came for Florida, where she lives at sea level. What proactive measure can she take to avoid altitude sickness?

Answer 83

Upon Noelle’s arrival to Colorado, she should: • not hike the first day, so she can start to acclimatize • extend her warm-up and cool-down when she begins hiking • reduce intensity of her hike

Question 84

Your running group will be completing a 7-mile outdoor run. The temperature is 10°F (-12°C) and the wind speed is 25 MPH. What can the runners do to help prevent hyperthermia?

Answer 84

In order to hyperthermia, the runners can • Wear several layers of clothing • start to run going into the wind and return with the wind at their backs • Wear Wool or any type of clothing that wicks sweat away from the body. Nylon or GoreTex can be worn on the top layer to help block the wind and elements. • Replace fluids during the run • if weather conditions get worse, had back inside

Question 85

You’re walking through the park on a hot, humid day. You come across a runner who has collapsed next to the trail. He is sweating profusely and looks very pale. His skin is cold to the touch. What mental conditions can you suspect that he is experiencing, and what can you do to help him?

Answer 85

based on his signs symptoms, you can suspect that the runner experience heat exhaustion. You should: • try to move him to a cool ventilated area • lay him down and elevate his back 12 to 18 inches • given fluids • monitor his temperature

Question 86

_________ is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and therefore is defined as the amount of blood pumped per minute.

Answer 86

Cardiac output

Question 87

Which primary energy systems supplies enough energy for no more than 10 seconds of all-out exertion?

Answer 87

Phosphagen system

Question 88

What adaptation specifically seen with regular weightbearing exercise?

Answer 88

Increase in bone density