accessory glands/ histology

Question 1

what is a gland

Answer 1

an organised cluster of secretory units

Question 2

functions of digestive glands

Answer 2

lubrication
protection
digestion and absorption

Question 3

portions of salivary gland

Answer 3

secretory and duct regions

Question 4

two types of cells (acini)

Answer 4

serous and mucous

held together by myoepithelial cells

Question 5

duct system in salivary gland

Answer 5

intercalated -> striated -> interlobular -> interlobar -> principle

Question 6

three types of salivary gland

Answer 6

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 7

parotid gland produces

Answer 7

water (serous) solution, about 25% total

Question 8

submandibular gland produces

Answer 8

both serous and mucous, 70% total

Question 9

sublingual gland produces

Answer 9

mucous secretion, 5% total

Question 10

main enzyme in saliva

Answer 10

alpha amylase

Question 11

main components of saliva

Answer 11

proteins, glycoproteins, ions, water IgA

Question 12

arrangement of cells in saliva

Answer 12

secreter portions arranged in acini with the 3 cell types

Question 13

type of epithelium in salivary gland

Answer 13

stratified squamous

Question 14

autonomic regulation of salivary glands

Answer 14

parasympathetic most important

ach stimulates primary secretion, get large amounts of watery saliva

Question 15

pancreas exocrine structure

Answer 15

compound tubulocacinar gland

Question 16

pancreas exocrine function

Answer 16

produces digestive pro enzymes

apex of acinar cells facing lumen is filled with pro enzyme secretory granules

Question 17

pancreatic duct opening into duodenum

Answer 17

at the papilla of vater

Question 18

cell type in liver

Answer 18

hepatocytes

Question 19

where do blood cells enter and leave the liver

Answer 19

porta hepatis

also where bile leaves

Question 20

triad structure in liver

Answer 20

portal areas have branches of the hepatic artery, tributaries of portal vein, interlobular bile ducts
vein = biggest
artery = smallest 
bile duct has more symmetrical wall 
sinusoids between hepatocytes

Question 21

resident macrophages in liver

Answer 21

kupffer cells 
phagocytic 
breakdown of RBC 
liver response to infection, toxins, ischaemia
mononuclear phagocytes

Question 22

apical and basolateral borders of hepatocytes

Answer 22

basolateral (sinusoidal) = absorbs blood-borne substances and secretes plasma proteins
apical (canalicular) = borders the bile canaliculus, sealed at the sides by occluding unctions

Question 23

function of hepatic stellate cells

Answer 23

protean, multifunctional and enigmatic
versatile mesenchymal cells
become activated in response to liver injury and repair

Question 24

liver major functions

Answer 24

bile production
detoxification
major role in metabolism - carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid
breakdown of insulin and other hormones

Question 25

what is the space of disse

Answer 25

space between a hepatocyte and sinusoid
contains the blood plasma
where microvilli of hepatocytes extend into
allowing proteins and other components to be absorbed

Question 26

bile canaliculi

Answer 26

collect bile secreted by hepatocytes
drain into increasing size of bile ducts
direction of bile movement opposite to blood movement

Question 27

blood flow through lobule

Answer 27

passes from triad (hepatic artery and portal vein) into the central vein (hepatic vein into IVC)

Question 28

gall bladder function

Answer 28

stores, concentrates and releases bile

Question 29

pouch around gallbladder neck

Answer 29

Hartmans pouch

Question 30

wall of gall bladder

Answer 30

epithelium
lamina propria
smooth muscle
adventitia

Question 31

gall bladder histology features

Answer 31

• folded mucosa with single layer of columnar epithelia and microvilli
• submucosa has lymphatics
• serous is a thick layer that covers the outer surface
• no muscularis layer
• muscle fibres not in distinct layers

Question 32

gallstones

Answer 32

formed in gallbladder out of precipitated bile components
painful when they obstruct the bile duct
formed from cholesterol, bile salts and bilirubin

Question 33

spleen components

Answer 33

white pulp and red pulp

thin fibrous capsule

Question 34

function of spleen

Answer 34

phagocytosis and immune response

Question 35

white pulp contains

Answer 35

lymphoid tissue, B/T lymphocytes

Question 36

red pulp contains

Answer 36

macrophages

Question 37

secretory cell function in salivary gland

Answer 37

serous = secrete proteins and polysaccharides
mucous = secrete mucous

Question 38

duct function in salivary gland

Answer 38

highly branched intercalated ducts which can modify and delivery acinar secretions to terminal ducts -> oral cavity

Question 39

myoepithelial basket cells function in salivary glands

Answer 39

several long processes that envelop the acini

Question 40

sinusoid function in liver

Answer 40

open pore capillaries permeable to small molecule,s allowing their passage between hepatocytes and blood stream

Question 41

portal triad function

Answer 41

contains branches of hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
provides oxygen, nutrients to hepatocytes and bile duct carries products away too gall bladder

Question 42

pancreas acini functions

Answer 42

exocrine glands which produce digestive pro-enzymes eg. trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

Question 43

pancreas duct functions

Answer 43

deliver pro enzymes to duodenum

Question 44

function of centroacinar cells in pancreas

Answer 44

occupy lumen of acinus and secrete buffer solution providing alkaline pH for enzyme activity

Question 45

secretory units of salivary glands

Answer 45

acini

can be serous, mucous or mixed

Question 46

secretory glands drain into (saliva)

Answer 46

intercalated ducts
lined by simple cuboidal
surround by myoepithelail cells

Question 47

intercalated ducts drain into

Answer 47

striated ducts

where secondary modifications occur

Question 48

what do serous acini have in the cytoplasm

Answer 48

zymogen granules