Abdominal anatomy

Question 1

divisions of the abdomen locations

Answer 1

mid clavicular line
subcostal line = L3
trans tubercular plane = L5

Question 2

divisions of abdomen

Answer 2

hypochondrium -> epigastric -> hypochondrium
lumbar -> umbilical -> lumbar
iliac/inguinal -> pubic/hypogastric -> iliac/inguinal

Question 3

surface anatomy of liver

Answer 3

in RUQ with left lobe racing LUQ

gallbladder lies in the transpyloric plane (L1) close to right lateral edge of rectus abdominus

Question 4

surface anatomy of stomach

Answer 4

LUQ with pylori crossing midline

Question 5

surface anatomy of caecum

Answer 5

RLQ

Question 6

surface anatomy of descending colon

Answer 6

Left lumbar region

Question 7

muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 7

external oblique -> forms the inguinal ligament

deeper muscles are the internal oblique and transverses abdominus

Question 8

layers of abdominal wall

Answer 8

parietal peritoneum
deep fascia 
3x muscles
superficial fascia 
skin

Question 9

muscles of anterior abdominal wall

Answer 9

rectus abdominus

contained in a sheath, join at midline, from costal margins to pubis

Question 10

nerve supply of anterior abdominal wall

Answer 10

lateral cutaneous branches (T7-12) and anterior cutaneous branches
ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves from L1, innervating lower abdominal muscles

Question 11

entering the inguinal canal

Answer 11

testis/spermatic cord in makes and round ligament of the uterus in females pass through an out-pouching of transversus fascia through the deep inguinal ring and into the inguinal canal (inguinal canal connects abdomen and scrotum)

Question 12

inguinal ligament/ canal position

Answer 12

ligament = between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine 
canal = between the mid inguinal point and above the pubic tubercle

Question 13

inguinal hernia

Answer 13

indirect = tissue goes through deep ring -> superficial. occurs if the inguinal canal has not closed properly 
direct = abdominal contents push through weakness in abdominal wall, out of superficial ring

Question 14

parts of posterior abdominal wall

Answer 14

diaphragm

psoas major, iliacus, quadratus lumborum

Question 15

neurovascular plane in abdominal wall

Answer 15

above arcuate line

between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus, containing nerves and arteries

Question 16

inferior anterior abdominal wall supplied by

Answer 16

inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries

Question 17

superior part of anterior abdominal wall supplied by

Answer 17

superior epigastric artery, branch of internal thoracic and branches from 10/11 intercostal

Question 18

inferior part of abdominal wall drained by

Answer 18

3 superficial inguinal veins -> great saphenous

Question 19

superior part of abdominal wall drained by

Answer 19

superficial epigastric vein and lateral thoracic

Question 20

what is the peritoneum

Answer 20

thin, single layer of mesothelium that covers the internal surfaces of the abdominal wall (parietal) and the organs (visceral)

Question 21

peritoneal cavity filled by

Answer 21

peritoneal fluid

lubricates the layers, allowing for movement of organs

Question 22

function of peritoneum

Answer 22

support of viscera
fat storage
sealing off infected bowel segments

Question 23

peritoneal ligaments + examples

Answer 23

double layers of peritoneal membrane
falciform = liver -> ant. wall 
gastrophrenic = stomach -> diaphragm 
gastrosplenic = stomach -> spleen
gastrocolic = part of greater omentum, stomach -> transverse Colin

Question 24

what is mesentery

Answer 24

double layered flap of peritoneum

contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, fat stores

Question 25

what is the omentum

Answer 25

double layered segment of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to other organs lesser = liver, stomach, duodenum greater = large flap of tissue, stomach and duodenum to transverse colon

Question 26

sacs created by greater and lesser omentum

Answer 26

``` lesser = behind stomach and lesser omentum greater = anterior cavity of abdomen ```

Question 27

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 27

``` stomach first part of duodenum jejunum and ileum caecum and appendix transverse colon sigmoid colon liver and gall bladder tail of pancreas spleen ```

Question 28

retroperitoneal

Answer 28

``` 2,3,4 parts of duodenum ascending and descending colon head, neck, body of pancreas rectum and anus kidneys and ureters suprarenal gland aorta and IVC ```

Question 29

foregut specifics

Answer 29

blood from coeliac trunk sympathetic nerves T5-T9 inferior oesophagus to 2nd part of duodenum

Question 30

midgut specifics

Answer 30

superior mesenteric artery sympathetic nerves T10-11 midway along duodenum to 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 31

hindgut specifics

Answer 31

inferior mesenteric artery nerves T12-L1 from last 1/3 of transverse colon and rectum

Question 32

space between layers of peritoneum

Answer 32

contains mesentery linkage = fat, blood vessels, nerves maintains position of transverse, sigmoid colon and small intestine reduces friction protection