Accessibility & Universal Design (40%) Flashcards
Distinguish between individual accommodations and Universal Design.
What is the difference between accessibility, usability, and universal design?
- Accessibility: design so people with disabilities have equivalent UX without barriers or discrimination
- Usability: Emphasizes ease of use and user experience, doesn’t always consider needs of people with disabilities
- Universal Design: makes products, environments, and services usable for everyone (as many as possible) w/o adaptations
What is the relationship between accessibility, usability, and universal design (UD)?
UD is closely related to accessibility & usability. All want to make products & services easier to use for everyone regardless of ability, but each emphasize different aspects.
- Acc: PWD have equivalent UX w/o barriers or discrimination
- Usability: Emphasizes ease of use and UX, but doesn’t always consider PWD’s needs
- UD: include everyone (as many as possible) w/o specifying target groups
What is the difference between universal design and accommodations?
- Universal Design: makes products, environments, and services usable for everyone (as many as possible) w/o adaptations
- Accommodations: Individual assistance provided to persons with disabilities
Universal design is a ____ approach, while accommodations are a ____ approach.
Proactive vs. Reactive
What are the benefits of accessibility to individuals?
Increased independence, means to participate in society, such as education, employment, and social activities.
What are the benefits of accessibility to society?
- Increased independence of more people
- Contibutions from persons with a variety of abilities and disabilities
- Cost savings
- Improvements to built / digital world that improve access and usability for everyone
- Innovation & better problem-solving from diversity through inclusion
What are the 4 WCAG principles?
- Perceivable
- Operable
- Understandable
- Robust
(POUR)
What is web accessibility?
According to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
“Websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so people with disabilities can use them.
More specifically, people can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with and contribute to the web.
What 4 guidelines make web content Perceivable?
- 1.1 Text Alternatives: Provide text alternatives for non-text content
- 1.2 Time-based Media: Captions & other alternatives for multimedia
- 1.3 Adaptable: Content can be presented in different ways (including by AT) without losing meaning
- 1.4 Distinguishable: Make content easier to see and hear.
What 5 guidelines make web content Operable?
- 2.1: Keyboard Accessible: Functionality is available via keyboard.
- 2.2 Enough Time: Users have enough time to read & use content.
- 2.3 Seizures & Physical Reactions: Content does not cause seizures or physical reactions.
- 2.4 Navigable: Users can easily navigate, find content, and determine where they are.
- 2.5 Input Modalities Users can use different inputs beyond keyboard.
What 3 guidelines make web content Understandable?
- 3.1 Readable: Text is readable and understandable.
- 3.2 Predictable: Web pages/content appear and operate in predictable ways.
- 3.3 Input Assistance: Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
What guideline makes web content Robust?
- 4.1 Compatible: Maximize compatibility with current and future user tools.
“Text alternatives for non-text content” is part of which WCAG principle?
Perceivable
“Captions and other alternatives for multimedia” is part of which WCAG principle?
Perceivable
“Content can be presented in different ways (including by AT) without losing meaning” is part of which WCAG principle?
Perceivable
“Make content easier to see and hear” is part of which WCAG principle?
Perceivable
“Functionality is available via keyboard” is part of which WCAG principle?
Operable
“Users have enough time to read & use content” is part of which WCAG principle?
Operable
“Content does not cause seizures or physical reactions” is part of which WCAG principle?
Operable
“Users can easily navigate, find content, and determine where they are” is part of which WCAG principle?
Operable
“Users can use different inputs beyond keyboard” is part of which WCAG principle?
Operable
“Text is readable and understandable” is part of which WCAG principle?
Understandable
“Web pages/content appear and operate in predictable ways” is part of which WCAG principle?
Understandable
“Help users avoid and correct mistakes” is part of which WCAG principle?
Understandable
“Maximize compatibility with current and future user tools” is part of which WCAG principle?
Robust
What is perceivability in the WCAG?
Perceivability is about making the output of web content available through multiple sensory modalities.
What is the most universal accessible format available?
Digital text
What is WCAG Principle 1?
Perceivable - Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive.
What is WCAG Principle 2?
Operable - User interface components and navigation must be operable.
What is WCAG Principle 3?
Understandable - Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable.
What is WCAG Principle 4?
Robust - Content must be robust enough that it can be interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies.
What is operability in the WCAG?
Operability is about making the input methods of web content functionality available to a wide range of input devices, including:
- mouse or touchpad
- keyboard
- touchscreen
- voice recognition software
- other specialized input devices (most emulate a keyboard or mouse)
What is understandability in the WCAG?
Understandability is about making content and interfaces that people can comprehend.
What is robustness in the WCAG?
Robustness is about ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive technologies.
What does ARIA stand for?
ARIA: Accessible Rich Internet Applications
Using ARIA to set the name, role, and ____ of a component is an example of which WCAG principle?
Robust
An item that communicates to a screen reader that it is expanded or collapsed is an example of which web accessibility (WCAG) principle?
Robust
Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility (WCAG) principle?
Understandable
High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which accessibility (WCAG) principle?
Perceivable
How do you make dynamic JavaScript accessible?
Mark up the name, role, state, and properties of elements with ARIA (changing them dynamically if necessary), and by controlling keyboard focus.
What are the 7 principles of Universal Design?
- Equitable use
- Flexibility in use
- Simple and intuitive use
- Perceptible information
- Tolerance for error
- Low physical effort
- Size and space for approach and use
“Provide the same means of use for all users: identical when possible and equitable when not” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Equitable Use
“Avoid segregating or stigmatizing users” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Equitable Use
“Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Equitable Use
“Make the design appealing to all users” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Equitable Use
“Provide choice in methods of use” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Flexibility in Use
“Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Flexibility in Use
“Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Flexibility in Use
“Provide adaptability to the user’s pace” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Flexibility in Use
“Eliminate unnecessary complexity” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
“Be consistent with user expectations and intuition” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
“Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
“Arrange information consistent with its importance” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
“Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Simple and Intuitive Use
“Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Perceptible Information
(Perceivable)
“Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings is part of which Universal Design principle?
Perceptible Information
“Maximize legibility of essential information” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Perceptible Information
“Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions)” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Perceptible Information
“Provide compability with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Perceptible Information
“Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Tolerance for Error
“Provide warnings of hazards and errors” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Tolerance for Error
“Provide fail safe features” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Tolerance for Error
“Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Tolerance for Error
“Allow user to maintain a neutral body position” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Low Physical Effort
“Use reasonable operating forces” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Low Physical Effort
“Minimize repetitive actions” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Low Physical Effort
“Minimize sustained physical effort” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Low Physical Effort
“Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Size and Space for Approach and Use
“Make reaching to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Size and Space for Approach and Use
“Accommodate variations in hand and grip size” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Size and Space for Approach and Use
“Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices” is part of which Universal Design principle?
Size and Space for Approach and Use
True or False: The newer designs for U.S. dollar bills are better than the older designs for people with low vision to distinguish between dollar amounts.
True
Step-by-step instructions that utilize minimal wording and provide clear visuals that illustrate each step is an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
A doorbell that uses sound and flashing lights when activated is an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Self check-in/check-out kiosks that are placed at different heights are an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Kitchen utensils that are easy to hold and easy to use in spite of the user’s strength and manual dexterity are an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
An iron that shuts off automatically after 5 minutes of non-use is an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 5: Tolerance for Error
Large visual icons that are used to label and communicate the controls on a machine’s control panel are an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
Door handles on a refrigerator that extend the entire length of the refrigerator’s doors are an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 1: Equitable Use
A floor plan that incorporates ample room space and wide hallways is an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use
An adjustable work desk that allows users to work either in a seated or standing position is an example of which Universal Design principle?
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
What are the 3 principles of Universal Design for Learning?
Provide multiple means of:
1. Representation (the What of learning)
2. Action & Expression (the How of learning)
3. Engagement (the Why of learning)
Each guideline has checkpoints that explain how and why the instructor
should provide options for students.
What is Universal Design for Learning?
A set of guidelines that account for various student needs and preferences when designing instruction. The framework is based on principles of cognitive science that emphasizes flexibility in the presentation and demonstration of knowledge.
It emphasizes the need to provide multiple means in instruction to ensure students can access and engage with the material and express the knowledge gained on their own terms.
What 3 primary brain networks correspond to the Universal Design for Learning principles?
- Affective (why) - Engagement
- Recognition (what) - Representation
- Strategic (how) - Action and Expression
Affective Brain Network =
Engagement
Recognition Brain Network =
Representation
Strategic Brain Network
Action and Expression
What are the components of UDL learning design?
- Instructional goals and objectives
- Methods of instructional delivery
- Materials used for learning
- Assessments
What is the purpose of providing multiple means of representation?
Multiple representations (formats for perception) foster students to make connections within and between concepts, thus learning and comprehending them better.
No one means of representation is optimal for all learners.
Representation UDL Guidelines:
Provide options for:
1. Perception through different modalities
2. Language and symbols
3. Building knowledge (comprehension through the design of info that builds scaffolds for knowledge)
Providing options for perception through different modalities is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Provide Multiple Means of Respresentation
Providing options for language and symbols is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Provide Multiple Means of Representation
Providing options for comprehension through the design and presentation of info that builds scaffolds for knowledge is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Provide Multiple Means of Representation
What is the purpose of providing multiple means of engagement?
Affect represents a crucial element to the learning process, and learners greatly differ in ways they’re engaged or motivated to learn. Learners need to discover why learning a concept is important; it greatly increases the chances of them internalizing the information.
No one means of engagement that is optimal for all learners in all contexts.
Affect = conscious emotion that occurs as rxn to thought / experience
Engagement UDL Guidelines:
Provide options for:
1. Recruiting interest & identities
2. Sustaining effort & persistence
3. Emotional capacity (motivations) / Learners to self-regulate
Providing options for recruiting learners’ interest is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Provide Multiple Means of Engagement
Providing options for learners to sustain their efforts is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Provide Multiple Means of Engagement
Providing options for learners to self-regulate is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Providing Multiple Means of Engagement
What is the purpose of providing multiple means of action and expression?
Learners differ in ways they can navigate a learning environment and express what they know; they may also approach learning tasks very differently and could express themselves well in written text but not speech, and vice versa.
Action and expression require much strategy, practice, and organization, another area in which learners can differ.
No one means of action and expression is optimal for all learners.
Action & Expression UDL Guidelines:
Provide options for:
1. Interaction (w/ tools and environments)
2. Expression & Communication
3. Stategy Development (build learners’ executive functions through scaffolding)
Providing options for interacting with tools and environments that make learning physically accessible is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Providing options for learners to express themselves and communicate is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Providing options for building learners’ executive functions through scaffolding is part of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
True or False: Practices for Universal Design for Learning involve incorporating flexibility into the design of educational content.
True
True or False: Universal Design is based on scientific research.
True
Which of the 3 brain networks supports planning, connecting information, and exhibiting skills?
Strategic network
Affective brain networks…
…enable us to be engaged in the information we learn.
True or False: Multiple Means of Representation emphasizes implementing various ways of sparking interest in the learning process.
False
For each reading assignment in her class, Mrs. Smith requires her students to complete a handout. She uses these handouts to measure her students’ understanding of the reading assignments. While some students do well on these assignments, quite a few repeatedly struggle to obtain good grades on them. Which UDL principle might help Mrs. Smith see that most, if not all, of her students may actually understand their reading assignments?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Ensuring students have the background knowledge for learning new information is a guideline for which UDL principle?
Multiple Means of Representation
Choices of activities or tasks is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Engagement
Activities that are culturally and socially relevant are an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Engagement
Variety in background noise and visual stimulation is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Engagement
A range of demands and resources so learners can find challenges that motivate them is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Engagement
Activities that encourage self-reflection is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Engagement
Text that can be enlarged is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Representation
Audio that can be amplified is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Representation
Video lectures with transcripts is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Representation
Reading aloud to students who are multilingual or have cognitive disabilities is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Representation
Opportunities for review and practice is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Calculators and geometric sketchpads are examples of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Posted goals, objectives, and schedules are examples of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Software that works seamlessly with keyboard alternatives is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Options for students to show they know a topic, e.g., by writing an article or by giving a talk is an example of which Universal Design for Learning principle?
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
What are the 3 aspects to usability?
- Users should find it easy and become proficient when using a design interface.
- Users should be able to achieve their goal easily through the design.
- Users should be able to learn the interface so that return visits are as easy or easier.
What is user-centered design?
An approach that puts the** user** at center of every stage in the design and development process. Purpose: Ensure target audience can use the product or services and to provide a better user experience.
What are the 3 key elements of user-centered design?
- Involving users throughout entire design & development process. (Through user research & user testing.)
- **Take an iterative approach ** and conduct testing after each stage to ensure things work well in reality.
- Conducting user testing for accessibility in the iterative cycles.
What are key points of consideration for User Experience?
- Usability: Users can arrive on site, easily use it, and complete a given task.
- Useful content: A website should provide enough easily understandable info so users can make informed decisions.
- Desirable/Pleasurable content: Users form emotional bond with products or website.
- Accessibility: A website should conform to accessibility standards to be accessible to users with disabilities.
- Credibility: How much trust a user feels for a website (including levels of security & privacy) plays a role in UX.
UX = User eXperience
How does accessibility relate to user-centered design?
- People with disabilities should be involved throughout the entire design and development process (user research & user testing).
- Conduct user testing for accessibility with people with disabilities after each stage in the design process to ensure it works well for people with disabilities.
What are the differences between usability and user experience?
Usability is a sub-discipline under User Experience design. It’s an important element, but isn’t the entire user experience.
Usability is concerned with the “effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of users meeting specified goals in particular environments.” AIM: Easy to use
User Experience is concerned with “all aspects of the user’s experience when interacting with the product, service, environment, or facility.” AIM: Make user happy before, during, and after using the website.
As questions:
Usability ?: “Can the user accomplish their goal?”
**UX ?: ** “Did the user have as delightful an experience as possible?”
How do usability and user experience complement each other?
Usability (ease of use of product or service) is an important contribution to UX; however, it’s not the whole of the experience.
A design is not usable or unusable per se; its features, with the user, the user’s objective, and the user’s environment in performing tasks, determine its level of usability.
User Experience is a combination of 1) Look (how a product appears), 2) Feel (how it feels to use the product), and 3) Usability (the product’s ease of use).
Usability: A part of the User Experience from BoK link
If navigating a website is unclear, or its structure is illogical and extremely complex for all users, the issues the website has are:
(Usability or Accessibility issue?)
Usability issues
Buildings that provide ramps as an alternative for steps or have flat entryways resolve which type of an issue:
(Usability or Accessibility issue?)
An accessibility issue
What are user agents?
Browsers and browser extensions, media players, screen readers, and other assistive technologies and applications that render web content
What are authoring tools?
Software used by web designers, developers, and content authors to produce web pages and dynamic web applications.
What is web content?
Information in a web page or application, such as text, images, tables, videos, and sounds, as well as the code or markup that defines a page or application’s structure, presentation, and operation.
What are the 3 technology components of web accessibility?
- Web content
- User agents
- Authoring tools
What are the 2 human components of web accessibility?
- The skills of designers, developers, and content authors
- The knowledge, experience, and adaptive strategies of people with disabilities
How many testable criteria are in WCAG 2.1?
78
How many guidelines are in WCAG 2.1?
13
When is the best time to start working to make a design accessible?
- At the end of a project
- In the early planning stages (Answer)
- A little bit at a time throughout the project
- In the middle phases of the project
