Accessibility modeling

Question 1

How accessibility should contribute to sustainability?

Answer 1

Sustainable accessibility should
– ensure options in activity participation (economic level)
– provide opportunities for everybody (social level)
– within clearly defined ecological boundaries (environmental level)

Question 2

How accessibility shapes the land use?

Answer 2

With increase in speed & lower costs result in increase in universe of choice and higher distances
(Case of Amsterdam)

The higher the accessibility to jobs in a certain location, the higher the percentage of residential land is going to develop.
(Check Graph)

Question 3

How can we maintain a level of accessibility?

Answer 3

Perhaps impossible to decide on an optimal accessibility level, let alone measure it. Instead we argue that policy makers consider whether policies, plans, investments, and regulations will tend to increase or decrease accessibility at the margin through the examples of providing appropriate space for transportation, investing in transit, evaluating the transportation impacts of new land uses, providing affordable housing, and dealing with congestion.

Question 4

What is the dimension of accessibility? (Diagram)

Answer 4

Dimensions of accessibility:
o Transport: Characteristics of the infrastructure
o Individual: Characterisitics (Income, gender, education level)
o Time: Opening Hours
o Spatial: Available Opportunities
(Diagram)

Question 5

What is the strategy of sustainable accessibility, and give an example?

Answer 5

Objective: Quality of life for a mobile society, in different regions, for the generations to come

Strategies:

1. Spatial Structure: Transit-Oriented Development Functional/Social Mix, Urban Density, Quality of public spaces, Polycentric regions (Transit-oriented development and attractive urban places at railway sites)
2. Transportation Supply Interconnection of existing networks, Investment in sustainable modes of transport, Infrastructure and services (Upgrading the rail transport supply in urban regions)
3. Demand Management: Marketing, Information Consulting, Services, Internalisation of external costs (Integration of different transport modes and mobility management)

Question 6

List four accessibility perspective?

Answer 6

Infrastructure-based
• The performance of transport infrastructure
• Example: Travel speed on the network
Location-based
• Accessibility to activities from a given origin location
• Example: Number of jobs within 30 minutes of travel time
Person-based
• Accessibility at an individual level
• Example: The activities available considering a person‘s space-time constraints
Utility-based
• Economic benefits linked to accessibility
• Example: The benefit a person derives from a given accessibility level

Question 7

Pros of difference perspective

Answer 7

Infrastructure
• Easy to understand
• Link to transport policy goals

Location
• Include land use component
• Applicable ILUT policy

Person
Comprehensive measure of accessibility

Utility
• Costs and benefits are include
• Flexibility in specification of utility functions
• Applicable in economic appraisal

Question 8

Cons of difference perspective

Answer 8

Infrastructure
• Focus on travel time most
• Partial measure of accessibility
• Reduction of travel time isn’t central aim of transport policy

Location
• No link to transport models, policy
• Focus on distance most
• Demand side oriented

Person
Data need
Complex
Demand oriented, no competition

Utility
• Difficult to operationalize
• Absolute level of utility is meaningless
• No link with transport policy

Question 9

How to choose the accessibility measures?

Answer 9

• Study goal
• Scientific quality
• Applicability (quality of data)
• Communicability