Accesory Organs

Question 1

What is bile?

Answer 1

Bile is a yellow/green/brown liquid. It contains bilirubin from phagocytosis of aged RBC and cholesterol. It is a digestive secretion.
Bile salts emulsify triglycerides

Question 2

What are the contents of bile?

Answer 2

1. H2O
2. Bicarbonate ions- helps neutralise the acid from the stomach
3. Bile salts- emulsify fats
4. Bile pigments- waste products

Question 3

What is the pancreas and its location?

Answer 3

The pancreas is an accessory gland located posterior to the stomach, located in the epigastric region.

Question 4

What is pancreatic juice composed of?

Answer 4

1. Water

2. Sodium bicarbonate- converts the acidic stomach contents to a slightly alkaline pH in the duodenum.

Question 5

What is e function of the small intestine?

Answer 5

It’s function is to break down chyme chemically. Substances used to do this include bile, enzymes and bicarbonate from the liver and the gall-bladder.

Question 6

What makes up the small intestine?

Answer 6

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Question 7

What are the adaptions in the small intestine to increase absorption?

Answer 7

1. Circular folds- force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slowing movement, allowing time for absorption
2. Villi- finger-like projections of the mucosa, contain blood capillaries and lacteals for fat absorption
3. Microvilli- on the surface of villi, for secretion of intestinal enzymes and absorption of nutrients
4. The length of the small intestine.

Question 8

Intestinal juice contains enzymes, what do these change?

Answer 8

1. Disaccharides (2-unit sugars) to monosaccharides (single-unit sugars - small enough for absorption
2. Peptides to amino acids (- small enough to be absorbed)

Question 9

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 9

1. To complete the absorption of water, ions and vitamins
2. Production and absorption of vitamin K and some vitamin B vitamins by bacteria
3. Movement of contents of the colon to the rectum
4. Formation of faeces
5. Dedication

Question 10

What is the process of the formation of farces?

Answer 10

In the coupon more water is absorbed, the chyme becomes more solid (semisolid) and is called faeces.

Question 11

What is appendicitis?

Answer 11

Acute inflammation of the appendix as a result of a blockage that traps infectious bacteria in its lumen.

Question 12

What are the 7 functions of the liver?

Answer 12

1. Bile production
2. Heat production
3. Storage (Fe, glycogen, vitamins)
4. Phagocytosis of red blood cells and bacteria
5. Processing nutrients
6. Detoxification of alcohol, drugs
7. Formation of red blood cells