Accents + dialects

Question 1

Accent features

Answer 1

• Th-fronting e.g. fink (think), muvva (mother)
• Consonant + ‘y’ + ‘oo’ sequence e.g. ‘nyews’ vs ‘nooz’ (news)
• Yod coalescence e.g. ‘chewsday’ vs ‘tyewsday’ (Tuesday)
• Distribution of ‘a’ e.g. ‘bath’ vs ‘barth’
• Glottal stop e.g. bu’er (butter)
  -Distribution of ‘oo’ e.g. ‘huk’ vs ‘hook’
  -L-vocalisation e.g. baw (ball)
  -Clear /l/ vs. dark /l/ e.g. ‘ladder’ vs ‘llladder’
  -H-dropping e.g. ‘ere (here)
• Rhotic /r/ e.g. carrr (car) Th-stopping e.g. ting (thing), dem (them)
• Alveolar nasal e.g. everythin (everything)
• Distribution of ‘u’ e.g. ‘strut/put’ pronounced the same vs. differently

Question 2

dialect features

Answer 2

• definite article reduction - I went t’ pub
• a prefixing - he was a-telling the truth
• invariant non-concord tags - innit
• past tense variation - we was there
• 1st person object pronoun for determiner - me husband
• removal of auxiliary verbs - what you doing
• morphosyntax - aint
• relative pronoun changes - the man what was over there
• verbal “s” - I loves it
• negative concord - she aint done nothin
• demonstrative them - them things over there

Question 3

give examples of spoken features

Answer 3

• incomplete minor sentences
• shorter grammatical units such as simple/compound sentences
• slang/colloquial lexis/taboo lexis
• non fluency features
• hedges to mitigate
• deixis –> pointing words
• lexically informal pre-starts to mark the start of a turn –> ok
• second person pronouns like you
• shortened word forms via Alison, contractions or clippings

Question 4

that are some non fluency features

Answer 4

fillers
pauses
repairs
repetitions
false starts
overlapping speech
interruptions

Question 5

what are some features of written text

Answer 5

• complete grammatical sentences
• a variety of sentence types including more complex syntax
• more formal and low frequency lexis
• sentence demarcation via punctuation
• no hedges and more precision
• no deixis, contextual information given
• formal discourse markers –> firstly, in addition
• third person pronouns, he/she
• full word forms

Question 6

prosodic features

Answer 6

intonation
tone
emphatic stress
volume
pitch

Question 7

what is technological determinism

Answer 7

our identity and beliefs are shaped by the media that we use

Question 8

what is asynchronous vs synchronous discourse

Answer 8

• delay between texts production and reception
• immediate delivers between producer and receiver

Question 9

text speak features crystal
rebus abbreviation

Answer 9

where letters represent syllables
G2CY

Question 10

text speak features crystal
logograms

Answer 10

use of numbers and symbols to represent words and phrases

Question 11

text speak features crystal
initialisms and acronyms

Answer 11

LMK
YOLO
NATO

Question 12

text speak features crystal
homophonic representation

Answer 12

single letters and numbers represent the sounds of words
M8

Question 13

text speak features crystal
variant orthography

Answer 13

spellings that are non-standard and phonetic
cuz - because

Question 14

6 conversational strategies

Answer 14

• opening expressions
• closing expressions
• phatic communication –> speech which is really just designed to maintain social relationships and does not carry any significant meaning
• back channelling –> supporting terms like oh and really
• agenda setting –> where a speaker sets up the main topic of conversation
• topic management –> the way topics in a conversation are organised or handed from speaker to speaker

Question 15

Bernsteins codes

Answer 15

restricted code = simple grammatical constructions, more concrete and context-dependent language, working class

elaborated code = more complex grammar and abstract vocabulary to theorise, middle class