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Unit 2 > Ac4 > Flashcards

Ac4 Flashcards

1
Q

Two individualistic theories informing policy development

A

Physcoanalysis treatment cof criminal behaviour and behaviour modification

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2
Q

What is pyschoanalysis

A

A treatment where the patient verbalise their thoughts through a variety of methods
The method aims to find out the thoughts that are believed to lead to criminal activity
E.g embedded trauma

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3
Q

Did physcoanalysis work

A

Very time consuming and is unlinked to provide quick answers
The nature of this experiment creates a power imbalance which could raise ethical issues

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4
Q

What is behaviour modification

A

Focuses on techniques to extinguish undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones

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5
Q

The token economy

A

This is where a token is given for desirable action which is later exchanged for a treat
For example a prisoner may ba Edale to have more visits from friends or family
The prisoners is simply rewarded for desirable behaviour and punished for undesirable behaviour

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6
Q

Biological theories informing policy development

A

Neurochemicals
Eugenics
Death penalty

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7
Q

Neurochemicals study

A

Reschedule et Al 2002
231 young male adult prisoners volunteer to receive either a daily vitamin mineral or a placebo drug
Results showed disciplinary incidents reduced by 35 percent for the people who took the drug whereas only 6.7 percent for placebo drug

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8
Q

What does the gesch et Al study show

A

Demonstrates thag it is possible for diet to positively impact on aggressive behaviour which may turn into less crime
Schoenthatler 1982 found that reduces sugar adverts reduced anti social behaviour by 48 percent

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9
Q

Eugenics claimed what

A

Inheritance of genes could explain the presence of simple and complex human behavioural statistics

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10
Q

An example of eugenics

A

Nazi sterilisation programme
Reproduced people with aryan race
Didn’t want to give birth to criminal offspring
Young girls were took away from their home to reproduce with nazi army officers
In 2015 due to moral and ethical reasons a UK judge gave an order with a mother of six with learning disabilities to be steralised

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11
Q

Death penalty take place

A

Temporary abolition in 1965 and as murder did not take place often it was fully abolished in 1969
However in America the murder rate was 25 percent higher in death penalty which suggest it is not a deterrant

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12
Q

What are the sociological theories informing policy development

A

Penal populism
Prison
Zero tolerance
Restorative justice
Cctv
Multi agency approach

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13
Q

What is penal populism

A

Refers to the government’s attempted at proposing laws to punish offenders that will be popular with the general public

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14
Q

What did Tony Blair do

A

Introduced punitive laws to be tough on crime and this has resulted in punishments including automatic life sentences for a second serious offence and minimum fixed term custodial sentences

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15
Q

Do prisons work

A

Prison population has risen by 70 percent in the last 30 years
Scotland England Wales gave the largest imprisonment rates in Western europe
The prison system has been overcrowded every year since 1994

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16
Q

What is the zero tolerance policy

A

Policy demands that all crimes are acted on, no matter how trival they are favoured by right realists
Based on the broken windows theory
Suggests a link between disorder and crime

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17
Q

Does zero tolerance work

A

In new York since 1993 major crime fell by 39 percent and the UK saw similiar results
However it could be argued that long term effects in policy are unknown as it works well in heavy populated areas with high policing levels and large amounts of petty crime

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18
Q

What is restorative justice

A

A voluntary process involving the person what has suffered the harm and the person who has caused harm
It is used in prison and police forcing plus government funding had been provided to the police and crime comissioners to make the process available to victims of crime

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19
Q

Does restorative justice work

A

Does work as it can allow a victim a voice in the criminal justice system ajd can make offenders accountable for their actions by allowing them to take responsibility for them
85 percent of victims who took part were satisfied with the process

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20
Q

The use of cctvv in a criminal investigation is an invaluable technique

A

Ir is one of their first requests made by the police at enquiries
Rhe indeitfication of a potential perpetrator or suspect of a criminal act is very difficult if cctv footage is not available

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21
Q

Does cctv work

A

The effects of cctv on crime can make a small but statistically significant reduction in crime
It can be used to show the nature and severity of the crime and identify suspects and witnesses

22
Q

Examples of multi agency approach

A

Involving the police working with security industry authority, trading standards and environmental health to reduce alcohol disorder offences
This increases the risk of detecting crimes and prevent them from happening

23
Q

What are social values

A

Rules that are shared bu most people in a culture
E.g most people bleive that elderly should be respected and u should sit up so they can have a seat

24
Q

Society’s changing views regarding smoking

A

In 1930s ir was a norm but now no one born in 2008 or under cannot buy cigarettes
Smoking in 1930s was glamourised with packaging and advised by doctors but in 1950s there was evidence smoking links to lung cancer

25
Q

What do people do to try prevent smoking

A

Bag packaging
Tobacco advertising and promotion 2002 prevent advertising tobacco products

26
Q

Society’s changing view on homosexuality

A

In 1950s there were several high profile arrests for acts of homosexuality indecny.
In 2014 the law allowed the first samesex marriage to get married
Although there used to be laws to kill someone for being a homosexuality there are now laws that make it an offence to discriminate someone to be homosexual

27
Q

Society’s changing views on women’s rights

A

Traditionally the women should stay at home whilst the man worked
Women were not allowed a say in voted
1928 received the right to vote
1976 made it illegal to discrimination against women in work

28
Q

Example of a newspapers campaign

A

Sarah’s law

29
Q

Sarah’s law explain what the campaign was about ot how/why ir started

A

2000 Sarah Payne abducted and murdered by Roy whitning
His name was also on sex offender register
The family wanted to know about paedophiles in the area and took justice for Sara’s daughter

30
Q

Key parties involved in Sarah’s law

A

Sarah’s parents
News of the world newspaper
Paper published the names and pictures of 50 people who they claimed to be sex offenders

31
Q

How did it change people’s views
Sarah’s law

A

The newspaper and Sarah’s parents continued the campaign when another girl was kidnapped and sexually assaulted so the government began to change its mind

32
Q

Sarah’s law
The actual law or policies it inroduced

A

In 2008 a pilot scheme was introduced in four areas of the UK to allow parents to make enquiries about named individuals. Police would then reveal details confidentially to the person most able to the person who most able go protect the child

33
Q

What’s the double jeopardy campaign about

A

Mothers devotion makes history was the headline of the journal newspaper when Billy Dunlop was given a life sentence for the murder of Julie hogg

34
Q

What’s the double jeopardy campaign about

A

Mothers devotion makes history was the headline of the journal newspaper when Billy Dunlop was given a life sentence for the murder of Julie hogg
Double jeopardy law prevents a second prosecution for the same offence
Julie was killed in her home in 1989 and Dunlop was put on trial for murder

35
Q

Key parties involved in Ann Kings campaign

A

Julie’s mother Ann ming vowed to bring her daughters kill to justice having to ensure the abolition of an 800 year old law to do so

36
Q

How did Ann ming try to change polocies/law

A

Ann ming began her campaign to have the double jeopardy law abolished. She took her campaign to newspapers,radio and television stations and many politicians

37
Q

The actual law or policies ann ming

A

Eventually the government backed changes to the law and as a result of criminal justice act 2003 double jeopardy was abolished for 30 serious offences including murder.

38
Q

Two examples of pressure group campaign

A

British lung foundation
The Howard league for penal reform

39
Q

What was the British lung foundation about

A

Aims to prevent lung disease by campaigning for positive changes in the uks lung health
BLF secured 50000 signatures on a petition in 2011 and presented it to 10 downing Street
Also produced research about the effects of smoking and 430,000 children were exposed to a second hand smoke in family cars each week
As a result of this chaining a ban on smoking in cars with children came into force in England Wales in 2014

40
Q

Who did BLF campaign together for

A

ASH campaigned gor packaging of cigarettes

41
Q

What was the Howard league for penal reform

A

It’s aim is for less crime safer communities and fewer people in prison. It has campaigned for over 150 years and has many successes.
The ur boss campaign aimed to improve young people’s experiences in the criminal justice system and was supported by young people.

42
Q

Ur boss has changed the policy concerning young people in several areas includiny

A

Ending routine of strip searching on arrival at youth offender intuition which was a key policy success
A change to remand legislation so that 17 year old are now treated as children

43
Q

Examples to use for death penalty

A

First to use nitrogen gas in alabama
Kenneth Smith
Takes half an hour to die

44
Q

When was restorative justice first used

A

1980

45
Q

Three types of deviance behaviour

A

Admired behavior,odd behaviour, bad behaviour

46
Q

Example of deviance admired behabiour

A

Putting ur own life at risk to save someone else

47
Q

Example of odd deviance behaviour

A

Having an excessive number of cats

48
Q

Example of bad deviance behaviour

A

Assaulting a pensioner

49
Q

How did lung foundation affect policy making

A

Wanted to change packaging of lung foundation and adults smoking when travelling with children
This was made in children and families act 2014

50
Q

How has Howard of legal penal reform affected policy making

A

They have abolished corporal and capital punishment to the formation of probation office which encourages support of victims of crime

51
Q

Campaign that has resulted in a change in the law

A

Ann ming
Saw the retrial of Billy Dunlop who was eventually convicted of the murder of Julie hogg Ann mings daughter

52
Q

A Campaign that has changed the law

A

Brexit campaign
June 2016 successful referendum but controversial over the legality and execution of this policy

Unit 2 (3 decks)

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