Ac4 Flashcards
Two individualistic theories informing policy development
Physcoanalysis treatment cof criminal behaviour and behaviour modification
What is pyschoanalysis
A treatment where the patient verbalise their thoughts through a variety of methods
The method aims to find out the thoughts that are believed to lead to criminal activity
E.g embedded trauma
Did physcoanalysis work
Very time consuming and is unlinked to provide quick answers
The nature of this experiment creates a power imbalance which could raise ethical issues
What is behaviour modification
Focuses on techniques to extinguish undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones
The token economy
This is where a token is given for desirable action which is later exchanged for a treat
For example a prisoner may ba Edale to have more visits from friends or family
The prisoners is simply rewarded for desirable behaviour and punished for undesirable behaviour
Biological theories informing policy development
Neurochemicals
Eugenics
Death penalty
Neurochemicals study
Reschedule et Al 2002
231 young male adult prisoners volunteer to receive either a daily vitamin mineral or a placebo drug
Results showed disciplinary incidents reduced by 35 percent for the people who took the drug whereas only 6.7 percent for placebo drug
What does the gesch et Al study show
Demonstrates thag it is possible for diet to positively impact on aggressive behaviour which may turn into less crime
Schoenthatler 1982 found that reduces sugar adverts reduced anti social behaviour by 48 percent
Eugenics claimed what
Inheritance of genes could explain the presence of simple and complex human behavioural statistics
An example of eugenics
Nazi sterilisation programme
Reproduced people with aryan race
Didn’t want to give birth to criminal offspring
Young girls were took away from their home to reproduce with nazi army officers
In 2015 due to moral and ethical reasons a UK judge gave an order with a mother of six with learning disabilities to be steralised
Death penalty take place
Temporary abolition in 1965 and as murder did not take place often it was fully abolished in 1969
However in America the murder rate was 25 percent higher in death penalty which suggest it is not a deterrant
What are the sociological theories informing policy development
Penal populism
Prison
Zero tolerance
Restorative justice
Cctv
Multi agency approach
What is penal populism
Refers to the government’s attempted at proposing laws to punish offenders that will be popular with the general public
What did Tony Blair do
Introduced punitive laws to be tough on crime and this has resulted in punishments including automatic life sentences for a second serious offence and minimum fixed term custodial sentences
Do prisons work
Prison population has risen by 70 percent in the last 30 years
Scotland England Wales gave the largest imprisonment rates in Western europe
The prison system has been overcrowded every year since 1994
What is the zero tolerance policy
Policy demands that all crimes are acted on, no matter how trival they are favoured by right realists
Based on the broken windows theory
Suggests a link between disorder and crime
Does zero tolerance work
In new York since 1993 major crime fell by 39 percent and the UK saw similiar results
However it could be argued that long term effects in policy are unknown as it works well in heavy populated areas with high policing levels and large amounts of petty crime
What is restorative justice
A voluntary process involving the person what has suffered the harm and the person who has caused harm
It is used in prison and police forcing plus government funding had been provided to the police and crime comissioners to make the process available to victims of crime
Does restorative justice work
Does work as it can allow a victim a voice in the criminal justice system ajd can make offenders accountable for their actions by allowing them to take responsibility for them
85 percent of victims who took part were satisfied with the process
The use of cctvv in a criminal investigation is an invaluable technique
Ir is one of their first requests made by the police at enquiries
Rhe indeitfication of a potential perpetrator or suspect of a criminal act is very difficult if cctv footage is not available
Does cctv work
The effects of cctv on crime can make a small but statistically significant reduction in crime
It can be used to show the nature and severity of the crime and identify suspects and witnesses
Examples of multi agency approach
Involving the police working with security industry authority, trading standards and environmental health to reduce alcohol disorder offences
This increases the risk of detecting crimes and prevent them from happening
What are social values
Rules that are shared bu most people in a culture
E.g most people bleive that elderly should be respected and u should sit up so they can have a seat
Society’s changing views regarding smoking
In 1930s ir was a norm but now no one born in 2008 or under cannot buy cigarettes
Smoking in 1930s was glamourised with packaging and advised by doctors but in 1950s there was evidence smoking links to lung cancer
What do people do to try prevent smoking
Bag packaging
Tobacco advertising and promotion 2002 prevent advertising tobacco products
Society’s changing view on homosexuality
In 1950s there were several high profile arrests for acts of homosexuality indecny.
In 2014 the law allowed the first samesex marriage to get married
Although there used to be laws to kill someone for being a homosexuality there are now laws that make it an offence to discriminate someone to be homosexual
Society’s changing views on women’s rights
Traditionally the women should stay at home whilst the man worked
Women were not allowed a say in voted
1928 received the right to vote
1976 made it illegal to discrimination against women in work
Example of a newspapers campaign
Sarah’s law
Sarah’s law explain what the campaign was about ot how/why ir started
2000 Sarah Payne abducted and murdered by Roy whitning
His name was also on sex offender register
The family wanted to know about paedophiles in the area and took justice for Sara’s daughter
Key parties involved in Sarah’s law
Sarah’s parents
News of the world newspaper
Paper published the names and pictures of 50 people who they claimed to be sex offenders
How did it change people’s views
Sarah’s law
The newspaper and Sarah’s parents continued the campaign when another girl was kidnapped and sexually assaulted so the government began to change its mind
Sarah’s law
The actual law or policies it inroduced
In 2008 a pilot scheme was introduced in four areas of the UK to allow parents to make enquiries about named individuals. Police would then reveal details confidentially to the person most able to the person who most able go protect the child
What’s the double jeopardy campaign about
Mothers devotion makes history was the headline of the journal newspaper when Billy Dunlop was given a life sentence for the murder of Julie hogg
What’s the double jeopardy campaign about
Mothers devotion makes history was the headline of the journal newspaper when Billy Dunlop was given a life sentence for the murder of Julie hogg
Double jeopardy law prevents a second prosecution for the same offence
Julie was killed in her home in 1989 and Dunlop was put on trial for murder
Key parties involved in Ann Kings campaign
Julie’s mother Ann ming vowed to bring her daughters kill to justice having to ensure the abolition of an 800 year old law to do so
How did Ann ming try to change polocies/law
Ann ming began her campaign to have the double jeopardy law abolished. She took her campaign to newspapers,radio and television stations and many politicians
The actual law or policies ann ming
Eventually the government backed changes to the law and as a result of criminal justice act 2003 double jeopardy was abolished for 30 serious offences including murder.
Two examples of pressure group campaign
British lung foundation
The Howard league for penal reform
What was the British lung foundation about
Aims to prevent lung disease by campaigning for positive changes in the uks lung health
BLF secured 50000 signatures on a petition in 2011 and presented it to 10 downing Street
Also produced research about the effects of smoking and 430,000 children were exposed to a second hand smoke in family cars each week
As a result of this chaining a ban on smoking in cars with children came into force in England Wales in 2014
Who did BLF campaign together for
ASH campaigned gor packaging of cigarettes
What was the Howard league for penal reform
It’s aim is for less crime safer communities and fewer people in prison. It has campaigned for over 150 years and has many successes.
The ur boss campaign aimed to improve young people’s experiences in the criminal justice system and was supported by young people.
Ur boss has changed the policy concerning young people in several areas includiny
Ending routine of strip searching on arrival at youth offender intuition which was a key policy success
A change to remand legislation so that 17 year old are now treated as children
Examples to use for death penalty
First to use nitrogen gas in alabama
Kenneth Smith
Takes half an hour to die
When was restorative justice first used
1980
Three types of deviance behaviour
Admired behavior,odd behaviour, bad behaviour
Example of deviance admired behabiour
Putting ur own life at risk to save someone else
Example of odd deviance behaviour
Having an excessive number of cats
Example of bad deviance behaviour
Assaulting a pensioner
How did lung foundation affect policy making
Wanted to change packaging of lung foundation and adults smoking when travelling with children
This was made in children and families act 2014
How has Howard of legal penal reform affected policy making
They have abolished corporal and capital punishment to the formation of probation office which encourages support of victims of crime
Campaign that has resulted in a change in the law
Ann ming
Saw the retrial of Billy Dunlop who was eventually convicted of the murder of Julie hogg Ann mings daughter
A Campaign that has changed the law
Brexit campaign
June 2016 successful referendum but controversial over the legality and execution of this policy
