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Unit 2 > AC1 And AC2 > Flashcards

AC1 And AC2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is crime sometimes labelled as

A

Social interaction or wrong against the community. If society has said that an act is a crime tennis becomes one

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2
Q

What defines a crime

A

The legal system. E.g behaviour that breaks the law and for which you are punished by the legal system

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3
Q

What is the actual reus

A

Latin for the guilty act

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4
Q

What is men’s rea

A

Latin for guilty mind

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5
Q

Whay are examples that a men’s rea may not be used

A

Food and hygiene regulations

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6
Q

Examples of non court sanctions

A

Cautions, conditional cautions, penalty notices

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7
Q

Caution

A

Administrated bu the police for minor crimes like graffiti. Have to admit an offence to be cautioned otherwise u could be arrested. A caution is not a criminal conviction

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8
Q

Conditional caution

A

Given by the police but you have to agree to certain rules and restrictions, such as receiving treatment for drug abuse and repairing damage to a property

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9
Q

Penalty notices

A

Given for offences like shoplifting, possessing cannabis in public. You can only get a penalty notice if you are aged 18 or over

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10
Q

Examples of court sanctions

A

Custodial sentences, community sentences, fines and discharge

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11
Q

Custodial sentences

A

Where you are immediately sent to prison. The are mandatory and discretionary life sentences and fixed term and indeterminate prison sentences

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12
Q

Community sentences

A

Can be a combination order including unpaid work, probation,curfew and orders such as having drug testing and treatment

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13
Q

Fines

A

Financial penalties, the amount depends on the seriousness of the offence and the financial circumstances of the offender

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14
Q

Discharges meaning

A

Can be either conditional, when if the defendant reoffends during a set time period the court can give an alternative sentence, or absolute, when no penalty is imposed as the defendant is technically guilty but morally blameless

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15
Q

Example of fatal offences against the person

A

Murder or manslaughter

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16
Q

Example of non fatal offences against a person

A

Assault,battery, actual and grievous bodily harm

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17
Q

Example of public order offences

A

Riot, affray and violent disorder

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18
Q

Informal sanctions

A

Frowning upon behaviour, name calling, ignoring behaviour, labelling behaviour, parents grounding a child

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19
Q

Definition of adultery

A

Secual relations between a married person and another, with the exception of their purpose

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20
Q

Is a dusters seen as legal in uk

A

Not considered a criminal offence but may have legal consequences in divorce proceedings

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21
Q

Where is adultery legal

A

Uk and other European countries

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22
Q

Cultures where adultery is illegal

A

Countries governed by Islamic laws plus almost half the states in USA

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23
Q

Why does adultery vary in different countries

A

Religion the Bible states that adultery is a sin
Also status of women, who are opened by their husbands and could be treated as property

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24
Q

Definition of honour crime

A

Crimes accused has brought shame on their family

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25
Q

What the situation is with regards o the legality in uk

A

Such actions are crimes and if a killing is involved its murder

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26
Q

Cultures where honour crime is legal

A

Take place within South Asia and Middle Eastern families

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27
Q

Cultures where honour crime is illegal

A

UK, Europe, USA

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28
Q

Why does the law vary in different cultures

A

Such crimes are thought to have originated from tribal customs, where an allegation against a womenbcan damage a family’s reputation

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29
Q

What is the definition of homosexuality

A

Involving attraction between people of same sex

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30
Q

What thr situation is with regards to legality in the uk

A

Once it was illegal but was partially decriminalised in 1967 with the age of consent
The age of consent was lowered to 18 and then 16

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31
Q

What culture is it legal for homosexuality

A

Uk,Europe USA and canada

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32
Q

Cultures where it is illegal for homosexuality

A

India, saudia Arabia, Iran, Yemen and nigeria

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33
Q

Why does law varies in different cultures for homosexuality

A

Religion as in the bible homosexuality is seen as a sin

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34
Q

What is capital punishment

A

Practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after due process, going through the correct legal proceedings or a legal trial

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35
Q

Who made the capital punishment law and why

A

The rich to protect rhemselves and their property. The laws were often focused on the poor whi were viewed as lazy and agents of their own misfortune

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36
Q

Why did capital punishment fade away

A

People got their own rights and freedom, and opportunities for progress in society

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37
Q

Why did capital punishment change

A

Due to the changing of status of various social groups in society and increased rights under the law

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38
Q

When did rhe capital punishment law change

A

Temporary abolished in the UK in 1965 and fully abolished in 1969. However, it remained on the statute books for treason and this was too abolished in 1988 with the Crime and disorder act

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39
Q

Why did the law against double jeopardy change over time

A

Was inadequate to bring justice. Also technologies and medical knowledge became more advanced and allowed for certainty of evidence

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40
Q

What forve came in the criminal justice act 2003 based om the double jeopardy law

A

Stated that where there is new and compelling evidence pointing to the guilt of a former defendant, the court of appeal may quash an acquittal and order a retrial

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41
Q

Is prostitution legal

A

Yes

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42
Q

What activities that are associated with prostitution are illegal

A

Soliciting in a public space, kerb crawling or owning a brothel. Once prostitution

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43
Q

How has societies view changes on prostitution

A

There are now calls for it to be decriminalised with appropriate regulation. The concern is for the safety of women and how to protect vulnerable people who became involved in prostitution

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44
Q

Why has society changed its view of prostitution

A

Due to a decline in people believing in religion and an increased moral tolerance. The status of women changed and increased equality as well as more occupations and training opportunities became available

45
Q

When was vagrancy illegal

A

1824

46
Q

Why was vagrancy seen as illegal

A

Prevent crime

47
Q

How has society’s views change on vagrancy

A

Since 19th century it is no longer looked upon with disapproval. Now there is sympathy and concern for the vagrants. There is an acceptance that there are many genuine reasons for homelessness and that it is not connected to laziness or idleness

48
Q

How does possession of cannabis change in different places

A

Offence that is illegal in England and Wales but have been calle to decriminalise and allow it to use for medical reasons. In countries like Colombia and Uruguay it is legal

49
Q

How’s does Jay walking change in different places

A

Jayqaljing is an offence in USa, Canada and Singapore. But in the UK there is no offence as it is considered a personal responsibility to cross the road safely

50
Q

How does FGM change in different plaves

A

Due to culture it is illegal in UK as it does not bring benefits to the individual but in parts of Africa and Asia it is believed it will benefit the girl and preserve her virginity ready for marriage

51
Q

FGM is usually carried out on girls at what age

A

Under 15

52
Q

What does the rule of law state

A

Everyone is subject to the law and that it shiyld be applied equally to all. Which means there are few instances of when laws are applied differently

53
Q

How is age applied differently according to circumstances in which actions occur

A

-age of criminal responsibility in the UK is ten
In Canada no person can be convicted of an offence committed under the age of 12
In Bangladesh it is nine years whereas China it is 16 years

54
Q

What are the circumstances for the crime to change from murder to mansalaughter

A

When the offender is said to have suffered from diminished responsibility or acted under a loss of control. These circumstances act as a partial defence and rather than face a mandatory life sentence, the law allows the charge of manslaughter, where all three sentencing options are open to the judge

55
Q

Qhat is the xxy theory

A

Suggests that some crime might be attributable to a chromosomal abnormality

56
Q

How many chromosomes are in a body

A

46

57
Q

How many chromosomes determine the shape and constitution of our body

A

44 and two that determine sex

58
Q

What does xxy mean in terms of gender

A

Involves the presence of an extra chromosome

59
Q

Xxy males have sometimes been called what

A

Supermales

60
Q

Why have xxy men been an interest to criminologists

A

Because of the suggestion that they are more aggressive and inclined to he violent than males with a single y chromosome

61
Q

What did jacob el suggest about tur xxy syndrome and when

A

1965bhe suggested that xxy men are more aggressive than normal xy men. There are also some studies that suggest xxy menbare overpresented in the prison population. There are 15 sufferers per 1000 in prisons and one per 1000 in the general population

62
Q

Example of a serial killer

A

John Wayne gacy is said to have xxy dynamometer. He sexually assaulted tortured and killed at least 33 men in the usa

63
Q

What does twin studies present

A

The contention that a heritable trait may risk for criminal behaviour

64
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic

A

Mz twins happen when they are twins as they are from one fertilised egg
Whereas dz twins are from two separate eggs and share 50 percent off their dna

65
Q

An example of a twin study

A

Reported by a German physician Johannes Lange in 1929. He found that Mz twins showed a higher degree of concordance than Dz twins for criminal behaviour. 10 of the 13 mz twins had both served time in prison whereas only 2 of the 17 dz twins had such concordance

66
Q

Who studied twin pairs

A

Christiansen in 1977 studied 3,586 twin pairs and found concordance rates of 35 percent mz and 13 percent dz for male twins and 21 percent mz and 8 percent dz for female twins

67
Q

What is the adoption studies

A

Explaining criminal behaviour which is the comparison of criminals with both their biological and adoptive parents

68
Q

Who studied adopted children

A

Hutchins and mednick1975 studied 14,000 adopted children and found a high proportion of boys with criminal conviction had biological parents with criminal convictions too. Mednick 1944 found no relationship between criminal convictions of adoptive parent and their adopted children but did a significance correlation between the number criminal convictions of the biological parents and their offspring

69
Q

What was cesare lombroso called

A

Father of criminology

70
Q

What was cesarean lombroso and what was his theory

A

Italian psychiatrist and military doctor who developed theories about criminals. He argued that the criminal is a separate species and u are borna. Criminal if u have a certain head shape and face

71
Q

What r the characteristics made by cesare lombroso

A

Atavastic features:
Large ears
Long arms
Low sloping forehead
High cheekbones

72
Q

What did lombroso conclude about atavastic features

A

The facial and craniul features of 383 dead criminals and 3,839 living ones meant 40 percent of criminals have avatastic features

73
Q

What do murderers and sex offender look like according to lombroso

A

Bloodshoteyes and curly hair/
Thick lips and protruding ears

74
Q

Apart from physical traits what else suggested that someone was born a criminal

A

Insensitivity to pain, use of criminal slang, tattoo and unemployed

75
Q

What book was lombrosos theory in

A

L’umo delinquente or criminal man (2006)

76
Q

When and what is William Sheldon theory

A

The idea that criminal behaviour is linked to a person’s physical form
1949

77
Q

What are the three body types in William Sheldon theory

A

Endomorphoc
Ectomorphic
Mesomorphic

78
Q

Endomorphic meaning

A

Fat and soft
Tend to be sociable and relaxed

79
Q

Ectomorphic meaning

A

Thin and fragile
Are introverted and restrained

80
Q

Mesomorphic meaning

A

Muscular and hard
More aggressive and adventurous

81
Q

Which body type is the most criminal

A

Mesomorphic and least likely ectomorphic

82
Q

What book was William sheldonss theory in

A

Atlas of men 1954

83
Q

What have several research studies shown in brain abnormality

A

Damage to the pre-frontal cortex of the brain may cause individuals to have any altered behaviour pattern, making them more immature and having an increased loss of self control as well as having an inability to modify behaviour

84
Q

Example of brainabnormality

A

Phineas gage who survived an accident of a large iron rod going theought his head
Destroyed the left frontal lobe of the brain
His personality ad behaviour was affected the part of brain lost was the mental and emotional functions

85
Q

Canadian study about brain abnormality

A

2016 people who suffer head injuries are twice as likely to end up in prisom

86
Q

What is Albert banduras social learning theory

A

He believed that people learn by watching the behaviour of others.

87
Q

What and when was the book doll experiment created

A

1963
Experiment involving how the children would react after watching an adult do aggressive behaviour towards a bobo doll model
Most of the children were influenced by their actions and copied however children who watched mon aggressive version were far less aggressive towards the bobo

88
Q

What is the theory of bandaranaike supported by

A

Sunderthland in 1992 who considers differential associations or different learning experiences. If more favourable attitudes are learned then they the criminal behaviour is seen as more acceptable

89
Q

What is sigmund freud theory

A

He believed that the beat way to understand behaviour is to examine early childhood experiences and that criminality was linked to guilt. He suggested that out mind was in an unconscious region. It is our unconscious mind that controls behaviour including criminality

90
Q

What are the three parts of personality according to freud

A

I’d, ego and superego

91
Q

What is id

A

Controls selfish and animalistic urges
Qhat u want

92
Q

Ego

A

Which seeks rational and sensible control
Helps u make the decision

93
Q

Superego

A

Moral conscience
Thing that not makes u want it e.g already having lunch

94
Q

What is Karl marxisms theory

A

Capitalism is unequal and undemocratic, being based on the working class by the capitalist class/boirgeoisie. He also believes that crimes like white collar crime are ignored but crimes like street are more focused and seen as serious. He also argues that different classes are policed differently. E.g working class seen as more criminal

95
Q

Emile durkham

A

Crime is inevitable as not every member of society can be equally committed yo the collective sentiments values or beliefs. Crime is considered to be functional and only dysfunctional when the rate is hihh or low. For example homosexuality changed due to there being an opposition In the law.
Crime also strengthens social cohesion or the willingness of members to society to cooperaye with one another

96
Q

Merton strains theory

A

Society encourages us to subscribe goals to material success. He believes there are 5 categories for people who cannot reach the American dream. Working class strive for goals of material acces but do not have the oppurtunity

97
Q

5 categories Merton strain

A

Conform and accept the situation
Innovate by adopting non conventional or criminal ways to gain material success
Become ritualistic where sight of goals is lost
Become retreatists and drop out of conventional society
Become rebels who set alternative opposing goals and values rather than those promoted by society

98
Q

Labelling theory

A

Made by Howard Beckermet
Has a book called outsiders 1932
If people who are deviant have been called that they will become their master status which leads to their self fulfilling prophecy. Folk devil’s is a good example of this and is deviance amplification

99
Q

Right realism

A

Considers crime from the perspective of political conservatism with the standpoint of getting tough on crime.
Charles muurey the leader states rhat everyone is tempted to commit crime but it is the amount of simla bonds thag prevents us from doing so. They question the economic factors such as poverty or unemployment are rhe reason behind rising crime rates

100
Q

Left realism

A

Suggest that crime lies in the inequalities created by a capitalist society.bleft realists believe that both practical measure to reduce crime and a long term change towards a more equal caring society needed

101
Q

More info on marxism

A

Disadvantaged social class being a cause of crime
The ruling class uses as means of social control and a lack on conformity which results in punishment

102
Q

Last women hanged in this country and when

A

Ruth Ellis 1955

103
Q

Example of capital punishment

A

Kennedy Smith alabama
Killed to nitrogen gas in America

104
Q

How many street workers are mothers prostitution?

A

74

105
Q

Where can u have possession of cannabis in americw

A

Oregano in 1973 decriminalised it
1996 california legalised it for medical use
2012 colored and Washington legalised it for recreational marujana use

106
Q

Eysenck theory

A

By taking a personality test can tell how criminal u are depending if u are an extrovert or introvert and stable or unstable
He gave 700 questionnaires to soldiers suffering from neurotic disorders

107
Q

Emily durkham

A

Believes in anomie which is society with no direction or feelings
Believes crime has a function on society and society improves due to criminality
The laws may be bad instead of the person

108
Q

Cctv statistics

A

Crime has been found to reduce crime by 13 percent If there is cctv

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