AC3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control

Question 1

What are behavioural tactics?

Answer 1

Ways agencies try to change someone’s behaviour so they follow social rules and laws.

Question 2

What are ASBOs and what were they for?

Answer 2

• Introduced by Tony Blair’s government in 1998
• Tackled low-level antisocial behaviour (graffiti, loud music, vandalism)
• Breaching one was criminal – up to 5 years in prison
• 24,000 issued (2000–2013), 58% breached
• Over 10,000 breached more than once

Question 3

What are Civil Injunctions?

Answer 3

• Replaced ASBOs in 2012 under Theresa May
• Aim: stop low-level nuisance (e.g. noise, bullying, drugs)
• Civil, not criminal
• Breaching = up to 2 years prison (adults), 3 months detention (under 18s)
• Process: agency applies, court agrees, offender told what to stop/start doing

Question 4

What are CBOs and who do they target?

Answer 4

• Aim: stop serious antisocial behaviour
• Focused on people causing alarm, distress or harassment
• Breaching = up to 5 years prison (adults), 2 years detention (under 18s)
• Lasts: Up to 2 years for adults, 1–2 years for under 18s

Question 5

: What are CBO positive requirements?

Answer 5

Can make someone do something to improve behaviour
Examples:
• Attend drug treatment
• Fix property they damaged

Question 6

What are CBO negative requirements?

Answer 6

Can ban someone from doing things
Examples:
• Stay away from certain areas
• Stop seeing certain people

Question 7

What’s the main evaluation of ASBOs from labelling theory?

Answer 7

• Label becomes part of identity
• People live up to it – “badge of honour”
• Increases reoffending instead of stopping it

Question 8

What is a token economy and where is it used?

Answer 8

• Behaviour programme used in prisons, youth centres, psychiatric hospitals
• Rewards given for following rules

Question 9

How does operant learning link to token economies?

Answer 9

• Skinner’s theory: rewarded behaviour gets repeated
• Tokens act as rewards (positive reinforcement)

Question 10

. How do token economies help social control?

Answer 10

1. Staff list good behaviours (e.g. obeying rules)
   
   2. Inmates earn tokens for good behaviour
   3. Tokens exchanged for rewards (TV time, snacks)
   4. Links to IEP system

Question 11

. Strength of token economies (Hobbs & Holt study)

Answer 11

Study on 125 boys (12–15) in USA
• Behaviour improved for 14 months
• Shows reinforcement works

Question 12

Limitations of token economies

Answer 12

• Doesn’t work outside of prison (no tokens = no reward)
• May just help staff manage prisoners
• Real reason for better behaviour might be attention, not tokens
• Long-term change is limited

Question 13

What is the key idea of environmental design?

Answer 13

• Crime can be reduced by changing how places are built
• Safe design = fewer opportunities for crime

Question 14

-What are indefensible spaces?any facts

Answer 14

• No ownership or surveillance
• Crime happens more (e.g. stairwells, lobbies)
• 55% of crime in New York happened in these spaces

Question 15

What are defensible spaces and their 4 key features? Clue TNSS

Answer 15

1. Territoriality – residents feel ownership
   
   2. Natural Surveillance – people can see strangers
   3. Safe Image – looks like a cared-for area
   4. Safe Location – surrounded by safe areas

Question 16

What did Alice Coleman find in her research?

Answer 16

• Studied 4,099 flats in London
• Poor design = more crime
• Causes: anonymity, no surveillance, easy escape
• Suggested:
• No more flats
• Each block should have a garden
• Remove overhead walkways

Question 17

CPTED examples in the UK
(Crime prevention through environmental design )

Answer 17

• Lisson Green Estate: Walkways removed, crime dropped 50%
• Architectural Liaison Officers: Police help design safe buildings
• Secured by Design: Homes meet crime prevention standards, 30% less burglary

Question 18

What are gated lanes and what do they aim to do?

Answer 18

Lockable gates in alleyways
• Aim: reduce burglary, fly-tipping, antisocial behaviour
• Cost: £728 per gate, but benefits double that

Question 19

Strengths of gated lanes

Answer 19

• Create a barrier = more effort for criminals
• Residents take responsibility
• Stronger community and surveillance
• Offenders can’t claim it was a public space

Question 20

Weaknesses of gated lanes

Answer 20

• Doesn’t work if criminals live in the area
• Some areas don’t have a strong community
• Can block emergency services
• Legal issues if it’s a public right of way

Question 21

What is Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)?

Answer 21

Changing the environment to make crime harder or riskier.
Example: locks on windows (target hardening).

Question 22

What is Felson’s Routine Activity Theory?

Answer 22

Crime needs:
1. A motivated offender
2. A suitable target
3. No capable guardian
CPTED encourages neighbours to be those “guardians”.

Question 23

What is Rational Choice Theory (Clarke)?

Answer 23

Offenders think before acting.
If risk is too high (e.g. gates, neighbours), they might not commit the crime.

Question 24

Weakness of CPTED – crime by insiders

Answer 24

Focuses on outsiders, but many crimes are by people inside the home (e.g. domestic violence).

Question 25

Weakness of CPTED – non-physical crimes

Answer 25

Doesn’t help with cybercrime or white-collar crime – they don’t need to enter an area

Question 26

Weakness of CPTED – cul-de-sacs

Answer 26

They are defensible spaces, but if people are out at work, there’s no one to defend or watch.

Question 27

Weakness of CPTED – sink estates

Answer 27

Placing “problem families” together in poorly managed areas can cause high crime – not the design’s fault.

Question 28

Weakness of CPTED – reputation of area

Answer 28

Bad reputation = more police = more arrests = worse reputation. Design might not be the issue.

Question 29

What is the Panopticon design?

Answer 29

A prison with a central watchtower. Prisoners can’t tell if they’re being watched, so they behave all the time.

Question 30

What is Surveillance Theory (Foucault)?

Answer 30

Knowing we might be watched makes us behave. Self-surveillance = we control ourselves without needing force. Example: CCTV

Question 31

PANOPTICON/SURVEILLANCE THEORY Strength – panopticon saves money '

Answer 31

Fewer guards needed because inmates behave themselves.

Question 32

PANOPTICON/SURVEILLANCE THEORY Strength – CCTV helps social control

Answer 32

Used in court as evidence. Deters crime in public places.

Question 33

PANOPTICON/SURVEILLANCE THEORY Weakness – Marxist view

Answer 33

The powerful control surveillance (e.g. internet, data). It’s not really about safety – it’s about control.

Question 34

PANOPTICON/SURVEILLANCE THEORY Weakness – risk takers

Answer 34

Some people commit crime even if they know they’re being watched.

Question 35

PANOPTICON/SURVEILLANCE THEORY Weakness – civil liberty concerns

Answer 35

People worry surveillance goes too far and invades privacy.

Question 36

What are institutional tactics?

Answer 36

: Rules, rewards (positive sanctions), and punishments (negative sanctions) used to control behaviour.

Question 37

What tactics do courts use to social control

Answer 37

• Sentencing • Community Orders (e.g. drug treatment) • Retribution & deterrence (punishment to stop crime)

Question 38

Examples of institutions and sanctions 5 main ones

Answer 38

Family: “Don’t stay out late” → No pocket money School: “Revise for tests” → Gold stars Work: “Be on time” → Pay docked Army: “Obey orders” → Court martial Prison: Follow rules → Privileges or punishment

Question 39

What do prison rules cover?

Answer 39

• Hurting others • Stopping staff doing their job • Escaping • Drugs/alcohol • Damage to prison • Possession of banned items • Ignoring staff • Being in the wrong place

Question 40

Prison punishments for rule-breaking

Answer 40

. • Loss of privileges • Cell confinement (max 35 days) • Solitary confinement • No work or pay • Add 42 days to sentence • Transfer to high security (Cat A)

Question 41

What does the probation service do?

Answer 41

: Supervises offenders in the community or after prison Sends them back to court or prison if they break rules

Question 42

What is phased/staged discipline?

Answer 42

• First offence = warning, loss of privileges, caution • Repeat offence = harsher punishment (e.g. probation, prison)

Question 43

What are state social control agencies funded by?

Answer 43

State social control agencies are funded through taxes.

Question 44

What is the challenge with resources in state agencies?

Answer 44

: State agencies face limits on how much the public is willing to pay for services. Budget cuts also impact their effectiveness.

Question 45

How does digital technology impact criminal investigations? Example?

Answer 45

Digital technology adds extra burdens to investigations, making them more time-consuming. Example: A rape case from Tinder took 600 police hours to go through digital evidence. :

Question 46

What is the strain on government resources and how does it effect the cjs

Answer 46

-. The government must meet the needs of various sectors like the NHS, education, pensions, and welfare benefits, which affects the resources available for criminal justice.

Question 47

What did Saunders (2018) say about the criminal justice system (CJS)?

Answer 47

Saunders (2018) said the CJS was “creaking” and unable to cope with the large amounts of data from technology.

Question 48

How did the financial crisis of 2008 affect state agencies?

Answer 48

Budget cuts during the 2008 crisis led to reduced effectiveness of state agencies, including police, CPS, and prisons

Question 49

What budget cuts happened between 2010-2018?

Answer 49

• Police budget: cut by 19% (20,000 fewer officers) • CPS budget: cut by 25% (one-third of staff lost) • Prisons budget: cut by 16% (staff reduced by 15%)

Question 50

How do DNA profiling costs impact police investigations?

Answer 50

The cost of DNA profiling limits the police’s ability to investigate and solve crimes.

Question 51

What is the issue with not reporting crime in the CJS?

Answer 51

: The CJS can only investigate, prosecute, and convict if the crime is reported. Only about 40% of crimes are reported.

Question 52

Which crimes are under-reported?

Answer 52

: • 1 in 4 rapes and attempted rapes are reported. • Only 600,000 out of 2 million domestic abuse cases were recorded in 2018. • White-collar crime (e.g., fraud, pollution) is under-reported, as victims may not recognize it.

Question 53

What issue exists with . existing laws?

Answer 53

I Some new types of harm (e.g., online hate speech, terrorism) don’t have laws in place to prosecute offenders. The law is outdated for new crimes.

Question 54

How does the law struggle with social media?

Answer 54

Social media companies claim they aren’t publishers and thus can’t be prosecuted under existing laws, leading to lack of control over harmful content like hate speech or terrorist material.

Question 55

What law change happened in Germany in 2017?

Answer 55

Germany required social media platforms to remove hate speech, fake news, and illegal material or face fines up to 50 million euros.

Question 56

What law change happened in Australia in 2019?

Answer 56

Australia passed a law requiring social media companies to report or remove videos of serious crimes (e.g., terrorism, murder, rape). Executives could face up to 3 years in prison for failing to comply.