AC3.2 Flashcards
What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) ?
This theory is based on the simple idea that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment. C. Ray Jeffery believed agencies should alter the physical environment so that crime is less likely to occur. Examples of how crime can be reduced would be by creating open spaces with strong lighting to provide clear visibility, minimising hiding places to enable people to see around corners and blind spots, low level bushes and CCTV. An example of a case which demonstrates the need to alter physical enviroments would be the case of Damilola Taylor, who died in a concrete stairwell in a condemned housing estate. This senseless murder resulted from a break down in society’s values and a right realist approach would suggest a tough stance to such crimes. Enviromental design can also be linked to Wilson and Kellings Broken Windows theory.
What are the positives of CPTED?
There are many positives of CPTED, for instance it promotes a sense of ownership, with school exteriors covered in artwork and resident-tended gardens. This could relate to the functionalist view of crime whereby positive boundary maintenance is achieved. Brown and Altman (1981) found that physical modifications suggested resident care and watchfulness help to promote safer residential settings. Furthermore there are cases which show that CPTED is effective such as in Ohio, a CPTED partnership plan with the housing authority management, residents and police officers has resulted in a 12-13% decline in crime.
What are the negatives of CPTED?
However, the CPTED principles suggest criminals operate in hidden places, yet this is not always true, for example graffiti often takes place in very visible locations. In addition, Marxists would argue that this demonises the working class by overly focusing on crimes of the working class (e.g. street crime). Whereas, middle class crime (e.g. White Collar Crime) will show no change. Lastly, CPTED could perhaps just displace crime to another area or location, rather than extinguishing it.
Breifly explain the design of a prison
The traditional prison design is the panopticon. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to view all prisoners without the prisoners being able to tell if they are being watched.
Explain what is meant by Gated Lanes.
Gated lanes are an additional example of a method of environmental design. These are gates which are installed and erected at the entrance to alleyways. The aim of gated lanes is to deter burglars and other criminals, by preventing them from gaining unlawful access.
What is a limitation of using Gated Lanes
It costs approximately £4,000 to erect one gate at either end of an alleyway. It could be argued that the main limitation of utilising gated lanes as an environmental design method of reducing criminality, is that crime is displaced.
What is a positive of using gated lanes
Residents in Cardiff claimed that gated lanes resulted in a reduction in criminality, alongside the prevention of littering and rubbish. Gated lanes proved popular once erected in Lancashire, because residents suggested that it gave them a feeling of being able to “reclaim their streets.”
What is an ASBO?
A court order to restrict the behaviour . In this case, the offender is named and shamed in the community. It also restricts people from visiting certain areas
What is a positive about using ASBO as a contribution to social control
It serves as a punishment that require people to behave properly and treat others with respect that deters crime
Negatives of using ASBOS as a contribution to social control
There is little proof that it actually works, the behaviour offers are classed as “civil sanctions” yet breaching them is a criminal offence. Could lead to a self fuffiling profficey
What is a CBO?
A CBO incorporates restrictions to going places. It tries to stop criminaks from engaging in particular activies or going places.
What is a positive about using CBO as a contribution to social control
It makes society feel safer as it puts them at a lower risk . it is very fast to put in place
Negatives of using CBO as a contribution to social control
CBO’S have a lower standard of proof and are very time consuming, can be hard to monitor
What is a token economy?
It is the system for providing positive reinforcement to a child or chidren by giving them tokens for completing tasks
What is a positive about using token economy as a contribution to social control
It promotes desired behaviour that can prevent crime in the longrun. Encorages better behaviour in prison- rehabilitation
