Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Crim main topics > AC2.2 Individualistic Theories > Flashcards

AC2.2 Individualistic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways that behaviour can be learnt?

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Social learning theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Freud say are the 3 parts of the personality?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
    In normal perso, all balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Id?

A

Basic primitive part of our make-up
Instinctive part of personality
‘Principle of pleasure’
Wants to be satisfied + doesn’t tolerate delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Aware of both demands of Id + outside world
It makes decisions on this
‘Reality principle’
Develops through experience of dealing with world
Capability to think logically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Superego?

A

Develops later
Formed from experiences with authority figures and restrictions they give us
‘Morality principle’
Gives us guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus = associated with particular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour = learnt through consequences of a particular behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain John Joseph Joubert’s criminal behaviour using classical conditioning

A 
Serial killer, young boys
He remembered as teenager masturbating to fantasies of strangling boys in underwear
Age 13, stabbed a young girl with pencil
Felt sexually stimulated when she cried
Executed in 1996
NS = Murder fantasies/ others pain
US = Masturbating
UR = Sexual pleasure
Murder = sexual pleasure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Receiving reward when certain behaviour = performed

Leads to increase in desired behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Removal of something unpleasant (fear, pain)

Leads to increase in behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does punishment do to a behaviour?

A

Decreases it

= unpleasant consequence of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the SLT suggest about criminal behaviour?

A

Learnt through observing + imitating role model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is behaviour ‘learnt’ through the SLT?

A

Individual pays attention to behaviour + retains a memory of it (role model)
If physically capable + motivated, replicate behaviour
Motivation may come from role model being rewarded for behaviour/ reinforced for behaviour (vicarious reinforcement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give a real life examples of when children have committed criminal acts through SLT?

A

James Bulgar case in 1993 - 2 boys (age 10) had watched Childs play 3 + Chuckie
2 boys tortured + murdered James by imitating scenes they’d watched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 2 examples of copycat killers

A
  1. Andrew Conley ID with Dexter, killed younger brother

2. Eddie Seda, killed Vs in similar way to Zodiac killer (20 years after)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Bandura’s Bobo doll support the SLT?

A

It demonstrates how children learn violent behaviour by observing + imitating role models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 strengths of the SLT?

A
  1. Has supporting evidence (Bandura)

2. Led to practical applications (x2)

18
Q

What are the 2 practical application of the SLT?

A
  1. Suggests that by introducing +ve role models + using reinforcement, help rehabilitate offenders
  2. Contribute to watershed + rating certificates on films/ video games
19
Q

What is a weakness of the SLT?

A

Can’t explain opportunistic crimes; doesn’t involve seeing someone produce behaviour first
Only accounts for some crimes

20
Q

Is the SLT a full explanation of criminal behaviour?

Why?

A

No
Watch/ witness violent behaviour doesn’t mean they = going to imitate it
Other factors involved: upbringing, personal experience etc.
These can affect if behaviour = imitated/ not
Could be that some people = more vulnerable to effects of witnessing criminal/ violent acts

21
Q

What are the 3 dimensions that Eysenck measures personality across?

A
  1. Introversion/ Extraversion (E)
  2. Neuroticism (N)/ Stability
  3. Psychoticism (P)

Criminal personality = score highly on E, N + P

22
Q

What is Eysenck’s view on the personality?

A

Personality traits = biological in origin
Determined by type of nervous system inherited
- Criminal behaviour = innate

23
Q

What is a high extraversion personality?

A

Under active nervous system

Constantly seeking excitement, stimulation + risk beh

24
Q

What is a high neuroticism personality?

A

Nervous
Jumpy
Over-anxious
Unpredictable

25
Q

What is a high psychoticism personality?

A

Cold
Unemotional
Prone to aggression

26
Q

What are the 3 weaknesses of Eysenck’s theory?

A
  1. Cultural bias
  2. Biased samples
  3. Idea that all criminal behaviour can be explained by a single personality type
27
Q

What is a strength of Eysenck’s theory?

A

Supporting evidence
Eysenck + Eysenck (1977)
Compared 2070 male prisoners E,N,P scores with 2422 controls
Across all age groups, prisoners recorded higher scores than the controls

28
Q

Who argued that Eysenck’s research has a cultural bias?

A

Bartol + Holanchok (1979)

Found Hispanic + African-American high security prisoners = less extraverted than a control group

29
Q

How did Digman (1990) criticise Eysenck’s theory?

A

Developed a 5 Factor Model
Suggests = additional dimensions alongside E+N
Openness, agreeableness + conscientiousness
Multiple combinations = available so a high E+N score doesn’t mean that offending = inevitable

30
Q

How is Eysenck’s sample biased?

A

The supporting research only looks at criminals who have been caught
Those who avoid detection may have different personality types

31
Q

What part of the personality does Freud argue is responsible for criminal behaviour?

A

Superego
If doesn’t develop properly + = inadequate of deficient then criminal behaviour may occur
Id = given ‘free reign’

32
Q

How does a weak superego develop?

What can happen as a result?

A

If same-sex parent = absent during phallic stage, child can’t develop fully formed superego
Makes criminal behaviour more likely - id = dominant

33
Q

How does a deviant superego develop?

What could this result in?

A

If superego the child internalises has immoral/ deviant values this would lead to criminal behaviour

34
Q

What could result form a harsh superego?

A

Excessively harsh superego, individual = overcome with G + anxiety, drive to criminal acts IOT satisfy superego’s desire for punishment

OR, might prevent person form expressing any antisocial impulses
Build up in unconscious
If superego prevents this, aggression/ sexual desire = build up over time until it becomes too strong, overwhelm ego - expressed suddenly + violently (rape, murder)

35
Q

What is a criticism of the weak superego argument posed by Freud?

A

= little evidence children raised without same sex parent = less law-abiding as adults
Contradicts weak superego argument

36
Q

What is a criticism of the deviant superego argument?

A

If children = raised by criminal parents go onto commit crimes themselves, may due to influence of genes/ socialisation rather than the formation of a deviant superego

37
Q

What is a criticism of the harsh superego argument?

A

Most offenders - great lengths hide crimes, opposing claim that criminal behaviour reflects unconscious desire to be punished

38
Q

How is Freud’s theory gender biased?

A

Suggests girls develop weaker superegos
Don’t experience castration anxiety, less motivated to identify with mothers than boys = with fathers
However males = more likely than females to be convicted of crimes, challenging this idea

39
Q

What does Freud predict about a criminals upbringing?

A

Come from unstable homes
May have suffered traumatic experiences as child (sexual/ physical abuse)

Supported by findings of Currie + Tekin (2006), Widom + Maxfield (2001)

40
Q

What did Currie + Tekin (2006) find in relation to an offenders childhood?

A

Found child abuse/neglect doubles probability of engaging in many types of crimes
Sexual abuse has largest -ve effects
Probability of engaging in crime increases with experience of multiple forms of maltreatment
Supporting Freud’s prediction about offenders childhood

41
Q

What did Widom + Maxfield (2001) find in relation to an offenders childhood?

A

Found being abused/ neglected as a child increases likelihood of being arrested:
- as a juvenile by 59%
- as an adult y 28%
- for a violent crime by 30%
Supports Freud’s prediction about offenders childhood

42
Q

What are 2 pieces of supporting evidence for Freud’s predictions about an offenders childhood?

A
  1. Currie + Tekin (2006)

2. Widom + Maxfield (2001)

Crim main topics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions