Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Criminology unit 2 > AC2.2 > Flashcards

AC2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Freud believe

A

That our unconscious mind is the key driver of our behaviour. And that we have a tripartite personality which consists of the ID, ego, and superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Id

A

-instincts
-present from birth
-selfish and primitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ego

A

-develops from around 18 months
-practical
-acts as a mediator between id an superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

superego

A

-develops after completion of the phallic stage
-our conscience
-internalise morality of same sex parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is psychoanalysis

A

a treatment method developed by freud which attempts to uncover the patients unconscious mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what might happen if the id dominates

A

we may engage in impulsive irresponsible behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens if we have a weakly developed super ego

A

don’t have any morals or judgment so are likely to commit crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens if we have a deviant super ego

A

-child identifies with same sex parents
-parent happens to be criminal
-internalise the morals of a criminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

two strengths of freuds theory

A

1)highlights the importance of early socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour
2) psychoanalysis explanations have had some influence on policies developed to deal with crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two weaknesses of freuds theory

A

1)explanations are seen as unscientific and subjective- they rely on accepting the claims of the psychoanalyst
2)how can we possibly know about or understand the unconscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Bowlbys maternal deprivation

A

when a child is deprived of a close continuous relationship with its primary caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Bowlby argue

A

-that children need a bond with their mother in order to develop normally this should be continuous from birth until age 5
-if the bond is broken the child can find it impossible to develop meaningful relationships later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bowlbys study

A

studied 44 juvenile thieves
39% of thieves experienced separation before the age of 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what did bowlby conclude the consequences of maternal deprivation were

A

-an inability to form attachments in the future
-affectionless psychopathy
-delinquency
-problems with cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two strengths of Bowlbys theory

A

1) research support
2)shows the need to consider parent child relationships when exploring criminality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2weaknesses of Bowlbys theory

A

1)the study was retrospective
2)considers the 39% of delinquents who had seperation but doesn’t account for the other 61%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behaviour that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

punishment

A

behaviour that leads to an undesirable result is not likely to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

skinner box

A

-rat in a box
-if it pushes the lever it gets treats
-rat learns that if they push the leaver they get food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

differential reinforcement

A

if crime has more rewarding consequences than punishments for an individual they are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 strengths of skinners operant conditioning

A

1) skinner proved that animals learn from experience through reinforcement.
2)it’s logical that if crime is more rewarding for an individual they will be more likely to offend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 weaknesses of skinners operant conditioning

A

1)the evidence is largely based on animals
2)ignores humans free will
3)ignores internal mental processes such as thinking and personal values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is social learning theory

A

suggests that behaviour is learnt through the observation of models. Very young children imitate the behaviour they see in social situations

25
Q

how does banduras social learning theory explain the causes of criminality

A

-we learn aggressive behaviour by imitating people

26
Q

vicarious reinforcement (SLT)

A

whether we imitate mainly depends on the consequences of that behaviour

27
Q

bobo doll experiment (SLT)

A

4-5yr olds shown a film of an adult being verbally and physically aggressive to a doll each group got shown a different reaction and those who saw the model being rewarded were most likely to imitate the behaviour

28
Q

2 strengths of banduras social learning theory

A

1) takes into consideration that humans are social beings and learn from the experiences of others
2) shows the importance of role models in learning

29
Q

three limitations of banduras theory

A

1)based on laboratory experiments the findings might not be valid in real life situations
2)ignores freedom of choice
3)not all observed behaviour is easy to imitate

30
Q

what is sutherlands differential association theory

A

criminal behaviour is learnt largely through family and peer groups

31
Q

imitation (differential association)

A

individuals learn criminal skills and techniques by observing those around them

32
Q

learned attitudes (differential association)

A

socialisation into attitudes and values about the law and criminal justice system

33
Q

pro crime attitudes (differential association)

A

if exposed to these values they may go onto offend

34
Q

anti crime attitudes (DAT)

A

would reduce the likelihood of criminal behaviour

35
Q

What did walmsley find that supported differential association theory

A

that a third of UK prisoners claimed to have a family member also in prison

36
Q

three strengths of differential association theory

A

1)supported by evidence that crime runs in families
2)Matthews found that juvenile delinquents are more likely to have friends who commit anti social acts
3) sutherland has evidence that the attitudes of work groups can normalise WCC

37
Q

1 weakness of differential association theory

A

1)not everyone who is exposed to criminal influences becomes a criminal

38
Q

What is eysencks personality theory

A

for each personality type there are associated traits

39
Q

extroverts (eysenck)

A

outgoing
prefer company of others
get bored easily
experience positive emotions

40
Q

introverts (eysenck)

A

prefer own company
more cautious
less sociable

41
Q

what is neuroticism (eysenck)

A

a tendency to experience negative emotions

42
Q

what is stable (eysenck)

A

calm, even tempered and care free people

43
Q

what did eysenck find

A

that criminals score highly on extroversion and neuroticism

44
Q

why are extroverts more likely to be criminal

A

nervous systems needs a high level of stimulation from their environment so are constantly seeking excitement
this leads to impulsive rule breaking behaviour

45
Q

why are neurotics most likely to be criminal

A

hard to condition into following societies rules because their high anxiety levels prevent them from learning from their mistakes

46
Q

what is psychoticism

A

egocentric agressive impulsive and lacking empathy. they have higher levels of testosterone.

47
Q

2 strengths of eysencks personality theory

A

1)useful for describing how measurable tendencies can increase a persons risk of offending
2)some studies of offenders support eysencks predictions

48
Q

2 weaknesses of eysencks personality theory

A

1)Farmington tested prisoners and found that they had a high P score but were not extroverted
2)people could lie in their self report studies

49
Q

what is criminal personality theory

A

Yochelson and Samenow- criminals are prone to faulty thinking which makes them more likely to commit crime

50
Q

Yochelson and samenows study

A

studied 240 long term offenders, most of whom committed to a psychiatric hospital. they showed a range of errores in their thinking and decision making. These errors in their thinking caused them to commit crime

51
Q

2 strengths of criminal personality theory

A

1)this idea has lead to further research
2)successful treatments such as CBT have been developed based on these ideas

52
Q

2 weaknesses of criminal personality theory

A

1)Yochelson and samenow did not use control groups
2)their sample was unrepresentative

53
Q

What is moral development theory

A

Kohlberg argues that criminals are stuck in an immature stage of moral development

54
Q

pre conventional moral reasoning (moral development theory)

A

very young children define right and wrong simply in terms of whether an act brings punishment or reward

55
Q

post conventional moral reasoning

A

by adulthood sense of right and wrong is determined by our own deeply held moral principles which are seen as more important than the laws of the land

56
Q

How does Kohlbergs moral development theory explain the cause of criminality

A

-criminals don’t develop their moral thinking
-they think of rewards or punishments not the impact their action may have on other people

57
Q

one strength of moral development theory

A

1)studies show delinquents are more likely to have immature moral development as the theory predicts

58
Q

2 weaknesses of moral development theory

A

1) theory is truer for crimes such as theft but less so for violence
2) someone may be clearly capable of thinking morally while acting immorally

Criminology unit 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions