AC 4.2 Explain how social changes affect policy development Flashcards
what are values
Guidelines to how we should live our lives
Different societies have different values
The UK places a high value on pursuing individual wealth VS tribal cultures place more value on the group - individuals have a duty to share wealth
what are norms
Socially accepted standards as to how we should behave in certain social situations
Informal and formal
Specific norms based on general values
E.g wearing dark colours to a funeral
what are mores
Most important moral rules of society
E.g Taboo against incest in all societies
how has smoking changed over time, what was it like in the 1930’s?
Glamourised
Encouraged by doctors
Common on TV
Smoke by children
Smoke indoors
how has smoking changed over time, what was it like in the 1950’s?
Research published confirmed link between smoking + lung cancer
Growing concerns of smoking eventually led to the disappearance of doctors from cigarette adverts
how has smoking changed over time, what’s in like in the present ?
2014 Children and families act - make vehicles smoke free with children under 18
Anti smoking campaign (ASH)
how has the public perception of drink driving changed over time ? what was it like in the 1920’s + 30’s?
1925 - first law passed making drink driving an offence - HOWEVER no clear definition of drunk + no legal limit on how much alcohol could be in blood
Attitudes to drink driving quite tolerant + gov little interest - MEANWHILE Car ownership increasing
what % of households owned a car in 1951, 1971, 2001
1951 - 15% households owned a car
1971 - 55%
2001 - 74%
when did road safety start to become more of serious concern
1960’s
what were the first introductions of road safety, also relating to drink driving
when were breathelysers first introduced
Road safety becoming more a concern - 1966 onwards all cars had seatbelts
Due to public concern about accidents caused by drink driving the 1967 road safety act introduced a blood alcohol limit of 80mg alcohol per 100ml of blood and therefore became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle if over this limit
1968 Breathelysers were introduced for roadside use
what camapign had a major impact on drink dirving and what was its impacts
MAJOR CAMPAIGN THINK! - reduced deaths by 1100
Impact of campaign: The proportion of accidents where alcohol involved fell from 25% to 15%
what tougher laws were introduced regading drink driving
1983 High risk offender scheme introduced for convicted alcoholic drivers
1991 New offence causing death by driving under influence of alcohol or drugs was introduced - compulsory prison sentence up to 5 years (2014 up to 14 years)
in 1979 what did 50% of all male drivers admit in relation to drink drivign
in relation to this what did the THINK! campaign find out following a survery
1.they did it once a week
2.91% of people agreed drink driving was unacceptable
Demographic changes: immigration and racism
why did the uk’s demographic structure shift to a multi ethnic one
1950’s + 60’s non white immigrants came from former British colonies in the carribean AS A RESULT the UK demographic structure shifted to a multi-ethnic one
desribe the windrush generation
what did they face when they arrived
what did a 1959 survey discover in Birmingham in relation to the renting of room find
what did a bbc documentary discorveer in relation to churches
Faced hostility, white britons held racist stereotypes of black people as deceased, dirty or criminal
Throughout the 1950’s + 60’s immigrants were often faced with discrimination in housing, employement and services
In 1959 a survey in Birmingham found that only 1.5% of whites would be willing to room to a black tenant
A BBC documentary found churches turning away black families to avoid upsetting white worshippers
what were the race relations acts and what did they say
first one 1965
- Banned racial discrimation in public places and made the promotion of hatred on grounds of ‘colour, race or ethnic or national origins’ an offence
1968 expansion on first one:
-banned discrimation in housing, employment and public services
REPLACED BY 1976 RRA which covered:
- Direct discrimination
-Indirect discrimination
what did a 1987 British attitudes survey find compared to 2017% in relation to racial prejudice
1987 British attitudes survey found 39% people said they were racially prejudiced VS whereas 26% 2017
what are examples of continuing discrimination in contemporary UK
Antisemitism
Islamaphobia post 9/11
Racism to Asian people - post COVID
cultural change - LGBTQ + Rights
why did alan turing end his life
Alan Turing suicide 1954 - result of being convicted of being a homosexual under victorian law - forced to undergo chemical treatment
when did the first decriminalisation of homosexuality come also why?
1967 act decriminalised sexual activity in private between men aged 21 and over
Growing consensus that consenting adults should have the right to do whatever they wish once in private
changing values + attidues towards homosexuality
2/3 vs 1/5
individulism growth
secularisation
Being homosexual now is more acceptable - ⅔ pop see nothing wrong with same-sex relationships (in the present) VS ⅕ or less in 1980’s
Individualism growth
-Belief that individidauls should have right to choose so long as they do no harm to others
-Central value in today’s culture and can be seen in all walks of life
Secularisation (as a result religious condemnation of homosexuality carries less weight than in the past)
what are further legal changes to homosexuality
Same-sex marriage included in the same bracket as heterosexual marraige (2013 same sex couples act)
Legal recognition given to same-sex couples - 2005 civil partnerships for same sex couples introduced
what % of gay people experince a hate cirme every year
20%
