AC 3.2 - Describe the Contribution of agencies to achieving social control

Question 1

Define Environmental Design.

Answer 1

Environmental Design refers to what an environment looks like, and how it is designed so that it has an impact on criminality.

Question 2

Which individual is responsible for this?

Answer 2

C. Ray Jeffery.

Question 3

What does CPTED stand for?

Answer 3

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.

Question 4

What is CPTED?

Answer 4

CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) is a crime prevention theory which is based on the simple idea that crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical environment. Therefore, it suggests that by altering our physical environment, criminality is less likely to occur.

Question 5

What is the main objective of CPTED?

Answer 5

The main objective of CPTED is to reduce and remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment.

Question 6

Is CPTED pro-active or reactive?

Answer 6

CPTED is a pro-active model.

Question 7

What five principles are involved in CPTED?

Answer 7

Physical Security, Surveillance, Movement Control, Management and Maintenance and Defensible Space.

Question 8

CPTED also suggests that crime could be reduced by using what three techniques?

Answer 8

1. Creating open spaces with strong lighting; particularly paying attention to doorways for clear visibility.
2. A lack of hiding places to enable people to see around places (e.g. corners and blind spots.)
3. Low level bushes allowing a clear, visible site line.

Question 9

Which case study could be used when talking about environmental crime control and CPTED?

Answer 9

Damilola Taylor.

Question 10

Explain how the murder of Damilola Taylor could be linked to environmental crime control and CPTED.

Answer 10

Damilola Taylor was murdered in a stairwell of a condemned housing estate. The location presented: easy access, an escape route and hiding spaces. Furthermore, it had low visibility.

Question 11

Synoptic Link: Which realist theory could environmental crime control policies be linked to?

Answer 11

Right Realist.

Question 12

Synoptic Link: Which other Unit 2 theory could environmental crime control be linked to?

Answer 12

Broken Windows - Wilson and Kelling.

Question 13

What are the four strengths of CPTED?

Answer 13

1. Provides a sense of ownership - control and dominion of own property - Functionalist’s would argue that this could create positive reaffirmed boundaries.
2. Ohio - partnership with Police and residents have shown a significant decline in crime rates.
3. Right realists - communitarianism.
4. Brown and Altman fond that physical modifications suggested resident care, and watchfulness helps to promote safer residential settings.

Question 14

What are the three weaknesses of CPTED.

Answer 14

1. Marxists would argue that this demonises the working class by overly focusing on crimes of the working class (e.g. street crime). Whereas, middle class crime (e.g. White Collar Crime) will show no change.
2. CPTED principles suggest that criminality operates in hidden places, however, some criminality is visible. (e.g. graffiti)
3. CPTED could perhaps just displace crime to another area or location, rather than extinguishing it. (e.g. football hooliganism - there was violence in the standing areas, however, when these areas were removed, it happened at other locations. i.e. train stations.)

Question 15

What is special about the panopticon design?

Answer 15

The panopticon prison design

Question 16

Give an example of a prison design that relates to environmental design.

Answer 16

Panopticon.

Question 17

Outline what is meant by the Panopticon prison design?

Answer 17

The Panopticon prison design is a traditional design that is ‘all-seeing’. This concept allows for an observer to observe all prisoners, without them being aware of this. There is usually a central watchtower in the centre (often replaced in more modern days by CCTV and Surveillance), which will allow the observer to see each individual cell.

Question 18

Give an example of a panopticon prison in the UK.

Answer 18

HMP Pentonville.

Question 19

Where did this idea originate from?

Answer 19

Foucalt - a Functionist Sociologist.

Question 20

Which American Supermax prison could be referred to when discussing environmental design?

Answer 20

ADX Florence. (Colorado)

Question 21

However, what is the limitation of constructing SuperMax prisons?

Answer 21

SuperMax prisons costs between two and three times more to build and operate, in comparison to a traditional prison.

Question 22

In contrast to SuperMax prisons (like that of ADX Florence), what is the name of the famous Norwegian prison?

Answer 22

Bastoy Prison, Norway.

Question 23

What is the approximate reoffending rate in Norway?

Answer 23

Norway has a 20% reoffending rate.

Question 24

How does this compare to the reoffending rate in the United Kingdom?

Answer 24

The United Kingdom has a 60% reoffending rate. This is 3 x more than that of Norway.

Question 25

Explain what is meant by Gated Lanes.

Answer 25

Gated lanes are an additional example of a method of environmental design. These are gates which are installed and erected at the entrance to alleyways. The aim of gated lanes is to deter burglars and other criminals, by preventing them from gaining unlawful access.

Question 26

Approximately how much does it cost to erect one gate?

Answer 26

It costs approximately £4,000 to erect one gate at either end of an alleyway.

Question 27

In what year did the Government give local authorities the power to erect these gated lanes?

Answer 27

In 2006, the Government gave local authorities the power to erect gated lanes.

Question 28

What is the major limitation of using gated lanes as an environmental design method of reducing criminality, aside from them being expensive?

Answer 28

It could be argued that the main limitation of utilising gated lanes as an environmental design method of reducing criminality, is that crime is displaced.

Question 29

Where was there a suggested reduction in crime due to the erection of gated lanes?

Answer 29

Cardiff and Glasgow.

Question 30

In cardiff, what positive things did the residents have to say about the erected of gated lanes?

Answer 30

Residents in Cardiff claimed that gated lanes resulted in a reduction in criminality, alongside the prevention of littering and rubbish.

Question 31

Explain what is meant by Behavioural Tactics?

Answer 31

Behavioural Tactics are methods which are used by agencies to change a person’s behaviour, in order to make them more socially compliant.

Question 32

What does ASBO stand for?

Answer 32

Anti-Social Behaviour Order.

Question 33

What replaced ASBO’s?

Answer 33

Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBO)

Question 34

What year were ASBO’s introduced?

Answer 34

ASBO’s were introduced in 1998.

Question 35

What is the minimum amount of time that an ASBO order must have lasted for?

Answer 35

The minimum amount of time that an ASBO order must have been in place for was 2 years.