AC 3.2 Flashcards
What is environmental design?
Environmental design involves the appearance and design of a neighbourhood, impacting criminality. It is based on the idea that crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical environment.
Who originated the theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design?
The theory was originated by criminologist C. Ray Jeffery.
How can crime be reduced through environmental design?
Crime can be reduced by creating open spaces with strong lighting, reducing hiding places, and using low-level bushes for clear visibility.
What is the impact of closed stairwells on crime?
Closed stairwells result in low visibility and easy access for criminals, making crime more likely to occur.
What is the Panopticon in prison design?
In the Panopticon, prisoners’ cells are visible to guards from a central point, leading to self-surveillance as prisoners do not know when they are being watched.
What are American supermax jails?
American supermax jails are high-security prisons designed for prisoners who pose the highest security risks, such as notorious terrorists.
What are gated lanes?
Gated lanes are gates installed at the entrance of alleyways to deter criminals from accessing homes unlawfully.
How do gated lanes reduce crime?
Gated lanes provide a physical barrier, increase guardianship, and enhance residents’ sense of territoriality.
What are some limitations of gated lanes?
Gated lanes may not deter criminals living within the area, can restrict access for emergency services, and may not be installed in distrustful neighborhoods.
What is a criticism of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
CPTED focuses on external threats but does not address crimes committed by insiders, such as domestic violence.
What are Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)?
ASBOs were introduced to limit low-level anti-social behaviour but faced criticism for being seen as a badge of honour by offenders.
What replaced ASBOs?
ASBOs were replaced by Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) under the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014.
What are token economies?
Token economies are based on operant learning, where desired behaviours are rewarded to encourage repetition.
How do token economies work in prisons?
Prisoners earn tokens for desirable behaviours, which can be exchanged for rewards like extra phone calls or privileges.
What did Hobbs and Holt’s study find about token economies?
Their study found that behaviour change lasted for 14 months, but desired behaviours may disappear once the reinforcement stops.
What is a limitation of token economies?
Offenders may not have a token economy in their daily lives after release, leading to a lack of motivation to behave positively.
What are institutional tactics?
Institutional tactics are methods used by institutions like prisons and schools to control undesired behaviour.
What rules does the prison service enforce?
The prison service has rules covering offences such as escaping, using drugs, and damaging prison property.
What are the consequences of breaking prison rules?
Consequences can include cautions, loss of privileges, and cellular confinement, which is limited to a maximum of 35 days.
What role do courts play in institutional tactics?
Courts can impose various punishments to deter offenders and require rehabilitation through community orders.
What are gaps in state provision?
Gaps in state provision refer to unreported crimes, which can account for a significant percentage of total crime.
What is the ‘dark figure of crime’?
The ‘dark figure of crime’ refers to unreported crimes that are not detected or punished by law enforcement.
What challenges do state agencies face due to budget cuts?
Budget cuts since the 2008 financial crisis have reduced the effectiveness of state agencies in maintaining social control.
How does new technology impact criminal investigations?
New technology creates an extra burden on investigations, making it difficult for agencies to cope with large amounts of data.
What percentage of crimes are reported to the police?
Only about 40% of crimes are reported to the police, with varying reporting rates for different types of crime.
What happens when new types of harm emerge?
If there are no existing laws to address new types of harm, state agencies may be unable to prosecute offenders.
