AC 3.2 Flashcards
What is the purpose of environmental design measures?
- putting environmental measures in place to make crime harder to commit
What is environmental design also known as? and who created the idea?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), created by C.Ray Jeffrey
Give 3 examples of environmental measures that should be put in place to prevent crime?
- light that shows a distance of 5-10ft from the door
- low hedges
- glass door
What are indefensible spaces?
confused spaces like walkways or stairwells
- newman argues they’re owned by no one, cared for by no one, observed by no one and thus are areas for crime
What did Newman find in his study of NY flat blocks?
- Newman studied high rise blocks in New York and found that 55% of all crimes in the city occurred in these indefensible spaces
What are the four key factors that mean defensible have low crime rates?
- territoriality - eg cul de sac, people have sense of community
- natural surveillance - can easily observe
- a safe image - negatively labelled areas target offenders (Broken Windows Theory)
- a safe location - insulated from outside, ‘moat’ of safety, gated community
How many blocks of flats did Alice Coleman analyse?
4000 in two London boroughs
Which 3 features did Alice Coleman find contributed to crime?
- anonymity
- lack of surveillance
- easy escape
What did Alice Coleman recommend to reduce crime?
- not build anymore high rise flats
- flats need gardens to create a sense of ownership
- overhead walkways should be removed
What kinds of behaviour do gated lanes prevent?
- theft
- anti social behaviour
- drug dealing
- sexual offences
- flytipping
Gated lanes are an example of CPTED, what are they?
lockable gates installed to prevent offenders from gaining access to alleyways
What were the reasons that Sidebottom et al found about gated lanes reducing burglary rates?
- created a physical barrier to the area as more effort is required
- residents take responsibility for closing gates
- increase sense of territoriality
- difficult to steal large objects
Which theory does CPTED link to?
Right Realism
- target hardening - makes an environment more open and more opportunities to observe, so harder to be undetected
- rational choice - reduces instances opportunistic crimes as intruders know they will be challenged
Which statistic proves that gated lanes work?
Bowers, Johnson and Hirschfield found burglaries reduced by 37%
What are the weaknesses of gated lanes?
- expensive - costs £4,000 for each gate
- all residents need to agree
- cannot cut off a public right of way
- can restrict access for emergency
How do panoptic prisons work?
- allow inmates to be seen by a single watchmen without them knowing
- so inmates are more motivated to act right as they’re unsure when they’re being watched
What does Foucalt argue about panoptic prisons?
- this design led to a feeling amongst the prisoners they had to toe the line and are compelled to regulate their own behaviour, this achieve social control
What are behavioural tactics?
- strategies used by agencies to bring about change in an individuals behaviour so they conform to society’s norms and behaviour
What are the two main examples of behavioural tactics?
- ASBOs and Criminal Behavioural Orders (CBO)
- Token Economies
What are ASBOs?
anti social behaviour orders issued by court to restrict the behaviour of a person who is likely to cause harm
Why were ASBOs introduced?
to deal with low level anti-social behaviour, such as vandalism, graffiti, public drunkeness and gathering of youths at night
What can breaking the conditions of an ASBO lead to?
- lead to a criminal offence and could carry a sentence of up to 5 years
What did the Crime and Policing Act 2014, replace ASBOs with?
- civil injunctions - deal with low level nuisance, breaching this can lead to 2 years in prison
- criminal behaviour orders - deal with serious anti-social behaviour, lasts 2 years
What are the negative requirements of a CBO?
- forbids a person from doing something eg contacting certain people
What are the positive requirements of a CBO?
- a CBO requires a person to do something positive to improve their behaviour, eg drug offence gets a drug treatment programme
Are CBOs effective?
- the addition of positive requirements means CBOs are more effective than ASBOs in achieving social control
- as they’re required to do something positive so encourages a change in behaviour
How does token economy aim to achieve social control?
- aims to achieve social control through ‘reshaping’ offenders behaviour so they conform to the institutions rules and norms
How do token economies work?
- gives prisoners tokens for desirable behaviour, which can be exchanged for rewards
- desirable behaviour become more likely because it has been positively reinforced
Give 2 examples of institutional tactics?
- prison reform trust task
- incentives and earned privileges scheme (IEPs)
Give 4 examples of behaviour that prisons will want to control?
- not following orders
- damage to prison property
- threatening or hurting staff
- possession of forbidden items
What strategies may institutions use to deal with bad behaviour?
- caution
- loss of priviledges
- prevented from working
- solitary confinement
- extra days added to sentence
What are the strengths of the institutional tactics in achieving social control in prison?
- prevent people from reoffending
- change their patterns of behaviour
- behaviour changed after leaving prison
What is phased discipline as form of social control?
- first offence is dealt with more leniently
- if repeated, it is likely to have stronger sanctions in attempt to deter future behaviour
How much was the police budget cut in 2008?
in 2008, police budget was cut by 19.5% resulting in a loss of 20,000 police officers
How much was the CPS budget cut in 2008?
CPS budget was cut by 25% and lost 1/3 of its staff
How much was the prison budget cut in 2008?
Prison budget fell by 16% and staff levels reduced by 15%
How do these budget cuts negatively affected the ability to achieve social control?
- less resources and staff
- forced to be selective
- can’t investigate all crimes/ go unreported
- tells criminals they won’t get caught
How have new technologies led to agencies unable to achieve social control?
- unable to cope with huge amounts of data generated by new technology
- can take ages to get through it all
- problems with checking mobile phones has led to failures to disclose evidence, leading to a fall in the number of sexual offence charges, meaning this kind of behaviour is not being controlled
What percentage of crimes are reported?
40%
How many rape crimes are reported?
only 1 in 4 rape crimes are reported
How many domestic abuse cases occurred in 2008 and how many were recorded by police?
2 million domestic abuse cases occured in 2008 but only 600,000 were recorded by police
How have unreported crime led to police not achieving social control?
agencies aren’t aware of the crimes taking place because they aren’t being reported, so cannot control the behaviour
How do existing laws impact social control?
- social control by the CJS can only be effective so long as there are appropriate laws in place to begin with
- sometimes a new type of harm emerges but there is no existing law to forbid it and so state agencies are unable to bring prosecutions to control harmful behaviour
