AC 3.2 Flashcards
What is the purpose of environmental design measures?
- putting environmental measures in place to make crime harder to commit
What is environmental design also known as? and who created the idea?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), created by C.Ray Jeffrey
Give 3 examples of environmental measures that should be put in place to prevent crime?
- light that shows a distance of 5-10ft from the door
- low hedges
- glass door
What are indefensible spaces?
confused spaces like walkways or stairwells
- newman argues they’re owned by no one, cared for by no one, observed by no one and thus are areas for crime
What did Newman find in his study of NY flat blocks?
- Newman studied high rise blocks in New York and found that 55% of all crimes in the city occurred in these indefensible spaces
What are the four key factors that mean defensible spaces have low crime rates?
- territoriality - eg cul de sac, people have sense of community
- natural surveillance - can easily observe
- a safe image - negatively labelled areas target offenders (Broken Windows Theory)
- a safe location - insulated from outside, ‘moat’ of safety, gated community
How many blocks of flats did Alice Coleman analyse?
4000 in two London boroughs
Which 3 features did Alice Coleman find contributed to crime?
- anonymity
- lack of surveillance
- easy escape
What did Alice Coleman recommend to reduce crime?
- not build anymore high rise flats
- flats need gardens to create a sense of ownership
- overhead walkways should be removed
What kinds of behaviour do gated lanes prevent?
- theft
- anti social behaviour
- drug dealing
- sexual offences
- flytipping
Gated lanes are an example of CPTED, what are they?
lockable gates installed to prevent offenders from gaining access to alleyways
What were the 4 reasons that Sidebottom et al found about gated lanes reducing burglary rates?
- created a physical barrier to the area as more effort is required
- residents take responsibility for closing gates
- increase sense of territoriality
- difficult to steal large objects
Which theory does CPTED link to?
Right Realism
- target hardening - makes an environment more open and more opportunities to observe, so harder to be undetected
- rational choice - reduces instances opportunistic crimes as intruders know they will be challenged
Which statistic proves that gated lanes work?
Bowers, Johnson and Hirschfield found burglaries reduced by 37%
What are the weaknesses of gated lanes?
- expensive - costs £4,000 for each gate
- all residents need to agree
- cannot cut off a public right of way
- can restrict access for emergency
How do panoptic prisons work?
- allow inmates to be seen by a single watchmen without them knowing
- so inmates are more motivated to act right as they’re unsure when they’re being watched
What does Foucalt argue about panoptic prisons?
- this design led to a feeling amongst the prisoners they had to toe the line and are compelled to regulate their own behaviour, this achieve social control
What are behavioural tactics?
- strategies used by agencies to bring about change in an individuals behaviour so they conform to society’s norms and behaviour
What are the two main examples of behavioural tactics?
- ASBOs and Criminal Behavioural Orders (CBO)
- Token Economies
What are ASBOs?
anti social behaviour orders issued by court to restrict the behaviour of a person who is likely to cause harm
Why were ASBOs introduced?
to deal with low level anti-social behaviour, such as vandalism, graffiti, public drunkeness and gathering of youths at night
What can breaking the conditions of an ASBO lead to?
- lead to a criminal offence and could carry a sentence of up to 5 years
What did the Crime and Policing Act 2014, replace ASBOs with?
- civil injunctions - deal with low level nuisance, breaching this can lead to 2 years in prison
- criminal behaviour orders - deal with serious anti-social behaviour, lasts 2 years
What are the negative requirements of a CBO?
- forbids a person from doing something eg contacting certain people
