AC 3.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which act established the police?
A
The police were established by 1829 Metropolitan Police Act
2
Q
What are the aims of police?
A
- reduce crime
- maintain law and order
- protection of life and property
- first agency involved in a crime
3
Q
What are the statutory powers the police have?
A
- arrest
- detention
- search
- interview
4
Q
What set out the statutory powers of the police?
A
These powers are set out by PACE 1984
5
Q
What was the police budget in 2018/19?
A
in 2018/19 the total budget was £12.3 billion, which comes from taxation
6
Q
What are PCSOs and what do they do?
A
- act as a liaison between community and police
- provide a visible, accessible and approachable to offer reassurance to community
- hold designated PCSO legal powers
- defuse conflict
7
Q
Give an example of 3 police working practices?
A
- mounted police
- firearms
- anti-terrorism
- river police
8
Q
What is the reach of the police?
A
there are 43 geographical police forces
9
Q
What are the 2 strengths of the police in achieving social control?
A
- specialist forces to deal with complex cases
- highly trained, superior expertise
10
Q
Which statistic can be used to demonstrate the strengths of the police?
A
- in 2017, 2/3 of non-police professionals working in domestic abuse say the polices approach to dealing with DA has significantly improved
11
Q
What case study can be used to show the strengths of the police?
A
Alex Skeel
- he experienced abuse from his girlfriend
- when police were involved for a domestic disturbance, they both lied that it was his self harm
- the police pulled him aside and turn of the camera to make him feel more comfortable
- officer was persistent at finding the truth
12
Q
What are the 4 weaknesses of the police?
A
- budget cuts
- unreported crime
- new technology
- corrupt
13
Q
How much has the police budget been cut since 2010?
A
by 18% since 2010
14
Q
Why do budget cuts negatively impact the police’s ability to achieve social control?
A
- investigations are forced to be selective and prioritise some
- investigations forced to be dropped
- fewer officers
- tells criminals they won’t get investigated
15
Q
Why does unreported crime negatively impact the police’s ability to achieve social control?
A
- shows crime won’t get reported and they won’t get caught
- impacts police prioritisation
- police procedures change
- leads to decriminalisation
- leads to crime becoming normal
16
Q
How does new technology negatively impact police’s ability to achieve social control?
A
- police may struggle to keep up with latest technology and being outsmarted by criminals
- technologies may have problems with accuracy
- new technologies rely on specific infrastructure like signals which aren’t in remote areas
- require training and investment
- facial recognises raises significant privacy concerns
17
Q
How does the police being corrupt negatively impact police’s ability to achieve social control?
A
- causes a lack of trust which impact on both reporting and policing
18
Q
Why was the CPS set up?
A
- independence of charging decisions
- separate from police
- allows them to be objective about cases
19
Q
What are the aims and objectives of the CPS?
A
- independently assess evidence, prepares and presents prosecution case
- supports victims
- decides whether to prosecute and what charges should be brought
- advise police about lines of enquiry and the evidence needed to build a case
20
Q
What was the CPS budget in 2016-17?
A
Over £500 million
21
Q
Along with government funding, where do the CPS get their money from?
A
- cps recovers some of the costs of its prosecutions from defendants
- gains funding from criminal assets through its confiscation activities
- therefore its in the interest of the CPS to only prosecute cases that are likely to win to save money
22
Q
What type of offender and offence does the CPS deal with?
A
the CPS deal with all types of offender and offences
23
Q
What is the reach of the CPS?
A
There are 14 regional CPS areas
24
Q
What statistics show the strengths of the CPS at achieving social control?
A
- CPS prosecutes 80,000 cases every 3 months in the Crown Court
- and 450,000 cases in the mags court
- around 80% of defendants that it prosecutes are convicted
25
How many cases do the CPS prosecute every 3 months in the Crown court?
80,000
26
How many cases do the CPS prosecute every 3 months in the Magistrates court?
450,000
27
How many defendants that the CPS prosecutes are convicted?
Around 80%
28
What are the weaknesses of the CPS in achieving social control?
Budget cuts
- between 2010 and 2018, budget was cut by 25%, 1/3 staff lost
New technology
- added burden on the CPS
Criticised on their handling of rape cases
- CPS should be less focused on trial outcomes and more on bringing cases to justice
29
What are the aims and objectives of the judiciary?
- includes Judge, Jury, Barristers
- manage a trial
- ensures fairness
- explain legal issues and procedures to Jury
- sum up for Jury
- pass sentences
30
how are courts funded?
through the ministry of justice which is funded by taxation
31
What is the reach of the judiciary?
crown and mags court are regional, court of appeal is national
32
what are the working practices of the judiciary?
- independent of government
- decisions are made based on law
- free from political influence
- ensures fairness
33
How many cases are waiting to be tried in mags court?
500,000
34
What are the strengths of the judiciary in achieving social control?
- independent from government
- means public have more confidence
- pass sentences and act as deterrence
- legally trained
35
How is jury equity a weakness of the judiciary?
- jury can empathise and not inform laws
- the question is how can we enforce laws and social control if jurys are clearing them
- eg case of kay gilder kale - helped her ill daughter die
36
How are sentencing guidelines a weakness of the judiciary?
- judges cannot achieve the level of social control they would like
- eg case of Sean Hogg, committed rape of 13yo at 17, got community service, but if he was older he would have got a different sentence tells other 17 year olds that they won't go to prison
37
How is judicial bias a weakness of the judiciary?
- law has not been applied fairly
- eg lavinia woodward, oxford student that stabbed her boyfriend, judge said she had a promising career
- doesn't achieve social control as it tells others they won't get convicted
38
How are budget cuts a weakness of the judiciary?
- lead to a backlog of cases being heard in court
- 41,000 cases waiting to be heard in mags court
- courts are empty on same days to save money
39
What are the 3 main aims of prisons?
- protect the public
- rehabilitate offenders so they contribute positively to society
- keep offenders in custody and implement sentences given by courts
40
how are prisons funded?
prisons receive funding through the ministry of justice, which is funded through taxation
41
How much does it cost a day to keep a prisoner?
£122 per day per prisoner
42
How many prisons are there in England and Wales?
123 prisons in England and Wales
43
How much was the prison budget in 2018?
£3 billion
44
What are the 4 categories of prisons?
A
B
C
D
45
Give an example of a Category A prison?
Belmarsh
46
Give one strength of prisons at achieving social control?
- their ability to incapacitate them and protect them from public harm which is achieved through whole life orders
47
How are staff cuts a weakness of prisons?
- prisoners can't be let out, leading to agitation and more crimes
- can't access rehabilitative services
48
How is overcrowding a weakness of prisons?
- in 2018, 58% of prisons are overcrowded
- leads to discontent and rule breaking among inmates
49
How is drug use a weakness of prisons?
- between 2013 and 2016, 64 deaths in prison were due to spice
- the availability of drugs undermines prison discipline
- reduces inmates participation in rehab
- creates debt and violence among prisoners
50
How is ineffective rehabilitation a weakness of prisons?
- short sentences aren't long enough to rehabilitate offenders
51
What are the statistics to show security is a weakness of prisons?
by 2018, there were 8,400 assaults on staff
52
What are the aims of the national probation service?
- supervise offenders released into the community
- support offenders during rehab
- work in partnership with courts, police to manage offenders safely and effectively
53
How is the national probation service funded?
through taxation
54
What was the budget for the national probation service in 2018?
£4.6 billion
55
what are the two types of offenders that the national probation service work with?
- offenders serving community sentences
- offenders out on license after a prison sentence
56
what is the reach of the national probation service?
12 regions in england and wales
57
What is the national probation service responsible for?
- preparing pre sentence reports for court
- managing approve premises
- help offenders meet the requirements set out by court
- supervising offenders on community orders
58
What is the strength of the national probation service?
- the better recidivism rates for community orders over short prison sentences indicate the effectiveness of probation in achieving social control
59
Why are budget cuts a weakness of the national probation service?
- 20% budget cut, estimated to result in an extra 300,000 crimes a year
- inadequate support for offenders with complex needs
- not enough places on programmes
- don't follow up on missed supervision appointments
60
How much had the national probation service budget been cut?
20%
61
Give a case study to demonstrate the failings of the national probation service?
London Bridge Bombing
- previously arrested for planning to set up a terrorist training camp in Pakistan
- failures in the sharing of info between state agencies responsible for monitoring him
62
What are the 2 charities and pressure groups that aim to achieve social control?
- NACRO
- Prison Education Trust
63
What are the aims of NACRO?
- provide practical help and personalised support
- provide training courses
- provide housing
- prevent reoffending
64
Who do NACRO work with?
vulnerable young people
65
What is the Out Of Time campaign?
a campaign to end offenders being released on Fridays, who struggle to access services before they close of the weekend
66
What are the strengths of the campaign NACRO?
- 75% of young people they work with go onto work after
- government released the offenders day of release from detention act in 2023, following the out of time campaign
67
What are the aims of the prison education trust charity?
- provide education to prisoners
68
What is the reach of the prison education trust charity?
- offer education in **every prison** in England and wales
69
What are the strengths of the prisoner education trust charity?
- people who do PET are less likely to reoffend than similar people who do not (18% vs 23%)
- people who do PET are more likely to get a job than who do not (40% vs 33%)
70
Give 2 weaknesses of charities and pressure groups at achieving social control?
- they are voluntary organisation that only exist where people are concerned about an issue. people aren't concerned about child abusers
- limited by financial resources - funded through voluntary donations and income is not guaranteed
71
How many prisons does NACRO work in?
over 40
72
What % of prisons are overcrowded in 2018?
58%
