AC 3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the Environmental Factors that can help tighten social control?
A
- CPTED
- Gated Lanes
- Prison Design
- CCTV
2
Q
what is CPTED?
A
- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
- crime can happen because of opportunities presented by the physical environment
- we should alter the environment to reduce crime
- can be reduced by - open spaces with strong lighting, a lack of hiding paces, low level bushes etc
3
Q
what are the positive contributions of CPTED?
A
- Alice Coleman found it partially successful in London - reductions in crime were a result of environmental & policing changes
- Brown & Altman said these designs helped show the residents care and they suggest watchfulness - helping promote safer residential settings
- a higher cime rate in cities with high-rise buildings opposed to low- level buildings
- in Ohio, a CPTED partnership with housing management & police has resulted in a 12% decline in crime in the first 3 years
4
Q
what are the negative contributions of CPTED?
A
- CPTED principles suggest criminals operate in hidden places which is not always the case e.g. graffiti, shoplifting etc
- crime may be displaced rather than prevented
- could be argued these things aren’t going to actually stoop crime, if the offender wants to commit crime they will
5
Q
what are Gated Lanes?
A
- gates that are placed at either end of long alleyways/ back streets to deter burglars from using them to gain access to the rear of houses
6
Q
what are the positive contributions of Gated Lanes?
A
- the reductions in burglary’s generally exceeded the investment required to install and maintain them, in monetary terms
- the gates provide protection, residents say they have seen a reduction in crime since they have been installed
- Sidebottom (2010) : found a reduction in burglary & theft, he did say it usually came in a package with other measures
7
Q
what are the negative contributions of Gated Lanes?
A
- requires a large number of gates for it to be effective
- costs around £4000 to place a gate at either end of an alley, could be argued as better spent elsewhere e.g rehab programmes, children’s centres etc
- does it just displaces crime rather than prevent it?
8
Q
what are the 3 types of Prison Design?
A
- Supermax prison (US)
- Bastoy prison (Norway)
- Panoptican prison
9
Q
what is the Supermax Prison?
A
- maximum security prison holding 420 inmates
- holds some of the worst terrorists and murderers
10
Q
what are the positive contributions of the Supermax Prison?
A
- no one has ever managed to escape from it, showing it is clearly very secure
- it is kept for the most dangerous people in our society, some would say this is the best form of punishment
11
Q
what are the negative contributions of the Supermax Prison?
A
- prisoners are kept in their cells for 23 hours a day, is this doing anything? does it increase the risk of mental health issues?
12
Q
what is Bastoy Prison?
A
- minimum security prison holding 115 inmates
- inmates who have committed very serious crimes are trusted unlike Supermax
13
Q
what are there positive contributions of Bastoy Prison?
A
- in Norway in 2014, 4000 of the 5 million population were in prison - making their incarceration rate 75 per 100,000 compared to 707 per 100,000 in the USA
- Bastoy’s reoffending rate is only 20% compared to 63% in the UK
14
Q
what are the negative contributions of Bastoy Prison?
A
- people would argue the prison doesn’t offer enough of a punishment, as it houses some highly dangerous offenders
15
Q
what is the Panopticon Prison?
A
- allows observer to observe all prisoner without them knowing they are being observed
- building with a tower at the centre, so you can see each cell
- visibility is a trap in panopticon prisons
16
Q
what are the positive contributions of the Panopticon Prison?
A
- was designed as a psychological trick - offenders can be watched at al times but they don’t know wether they are or not
17
Q
what are the negative contributions of the Panopticon Prison?
A
- the reoffending rate in Pentonville prison is 69%, higher than the UK average of 63%, over 3x the rate of Bastoy
- prisons in general cost a lot of money - the average annual cost of a prison place in E&W is around £40,000 and can be up to £59,000 in Cat A prisons (BBC 2019)
18
Q
what is CCTV?
A
- Closed Circuit Television
- commonly used to detect and deter crime and record traffic problems
19
Q
what are the positive contributions of CCTV?
A
- there are lots of cases where CCTV played a vital part in solving the crime e.g Sabina Nessa, Jamie Bulger
- CCTV can make small but statistically significant reductions in crime, crime has decreased by 5% in car parks with CCTV , when 15 UK cities were analysed together there was a 10% fall in violent crime ( College of Policing’s Review)
- 23% reduction in crime on public transport
20
Q
what are the negative contributions of CCTV?
A
- can be blurry or broken, can have blind spots or miss things, making it useless in a criminal case
- offenders can cover their faces so they can’t be identified
- is it deterring crime or is it moving it to places without CCTV?
21
Q
what are Behavioural Tactics that can help tighten social control?
A
- CBOs
- Token Economy systems
- Disciplinary Procedures and Institutional tactics
- Gaps in provision
22
Q
what are CBOs?
A
- CBOs replaced ASBOs and stands for Community Behaviour Order
- offenders will be banned from certain activities, places etc and are required to address their behaviour by attending programmes e.g drug / alcohol
- aimed at serious and persistent offenders
23
Q
what are the positive contributions of CBOs?
A
- 56% of ASBOs were breached in 2009, not working as a deterrent - shows CBOs are effective as the replaced ASBOs in hopes of being more effective at deterring crime
- focus more on treatment, generally positive conditions to improve offenders lives rather than negative conditions of ASBOs
24
Q
what are the negative contributions of CBOs?
A
- is argued that there has only been a short term impact and long term CBOs aren’t effective
- they increased by 35% in 2016
25
Q
what are Token Economy systems?
A
- ## based on behaviour modification, rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour
