Ac 2.2 Describe Individualistic Theories Of Criminality

Question 1

How do individualistic theories explain criminality?

Answer 1

The reason For criminality relates to characteristics, behaviours, personalities, genetics and psychological traits of The criminal.
Learned through observation, factor of someone’s innate personality, arise due to inconsistencies in parenting

Question 2

How did Albert Bandura that we learnt behaviours?

Answer 2

By watching The behaviour or actions of others - learned through observation

Question 3

What does role model mean?

Answer 3

An individual whose behaviour is more likely to be imitated because they are looked up to By The observer

Question 4

What does identification mean?

Answer 4

Internalising and adopting behaviours shown By A role mode because The have A quality The would like to possess

Question 5

What does internalisation mean?

Answer 5

Fully accepting or internalising values

Question 6

What does modelling mean?

Answer 6

A form of learning where individuals learn how to act or perform By observing another individual

Question 7

What does imitation mean?

Answer 7

Doing A act seen performed By another person - mimicking observes behaviours

Question 8

What does vicarious reinforcement mean?

Answer 8

Learning behaviours through observation of Reward - watching others be rewarded for behaviours

Question 9

How can we explain criminal behaviour through banduras Social learning theory?

Answer 9

People idolise criminals and want to imitate their behaviour
Individuals can observe their role model committing crime and see their Reward
May identify with their role modeI and will wait For a similar opportunity to imitate their criminal behaviour
They want to receive The same rewards (vicarious reinforcement)

Question 10

What is The definiton of mediational processes?

Answer 10

mediational processes occur between role modes behavour and The response

Question 11

What are The factors in mediational processes?

Answer 11

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivational processes
Consequence
Direct consequence

Question 12

What did Bandura study to support his theory?

Answer 12

BoBo doll study 1961 -
72 children spot into groups of 24
Condition 1- children observed an adult attack The BoBo doll - kicked, punched and used aggressive statements. Used male and female role models(strength)
Condition 2- children observed an adult playing nicely - no aggression
Condition 3 (control-strength) - no adult observed
Child was taken into room with toys and BoBo dolls and filmed playing for 20 minutes

Question 13

What were The findings of this study?

Answer 13

Children who observed The aggressive modeI desplayed aggressive behaviour
Children more likely to imitate same sex role models
Replications of The study show The same level of imitation
Show The power of observational learning

Question 14

Description of ID?

Answer 14

Pleasure principle
Dictates our wants and desires
Sexual desires/ motives
Impulsive behaviour
Animal instincts
Immediate gratification
Unconscious mind
Present at birth

Question 15

Description of EGO?

Answer 15

Reality principle
Mediator
Formed around age 5
Keeps desires of ID in check
Conscious
Rational

Question 16

Description of SUPEREGO?

Answer 16

Morality principle
Feelings of guilt
Formed around age 5
Keeps desires of Id in check
Formed By parental upbringing
Conscious
Guides us to make moral decisions

Question 17

What would A weakly developed superego cause?

Answer 17

Cause someone to experience and internacise less guilt meaning The I’d can be dominant
May Not experience remorse or concern
More likely to commit crime

Question 18

What would A overly harsh superego cause?

Answer 18

Cause someone to experience High levels of guilt and anxiety
May commit A crime to be punished

Question 19

What would A deviant superego cause?

Answer 19

May occur ween A child has been socialised into A family where crime is committed and Pro crime attitudes are The norm
Person will Not experience guilt
Likely to commit crime

Question 20

What is Freuds psychodynamic theory?

Answer 20

Believed that behaviour was motivated By unconscious desires and memories
The psyche is mare up of The I’d,, ego and superego -continuous conflict
Confect is due to I’d wanting to satisfy its wants and desires
Each part develops through first 5 years of life - impacts adult personality

Question 21

Which part of the personality are you dominated By if you refuse to eat animal product because of ethical reasons?

Answer 21

Superego

Question 22

Which part of the personality are you dominated By if you refuse to eat animal products because of medical reasons?

Answer 22

Ego

Question 23

Which part of the personality are you dominated By if you can’t stop eating animal products despite Health warnings from A Doctor?

Answer 23

ID

Question 24

What crimes could be explained By A dominant ID?

Answer 24

Sexual crimes
Violent crimes
↓
Can’t be controlled By ego or superego

Question 25

If A Person has A well developed ego are they more or less likely to commit crime?

Answer 25

Less → can mediate and rationalise

Question 26

If A person has powerful superego what crimes are more likely?

Answer 26

Destroy property of researchers who test on animals
Protests → extinction rebellion, just stop oil

Question 27

The superego and crime psychodynamic explanation?

Answer 27

Superego is The morality principle and is The conscience
A healthy superego is kind but firm, has rules but is forgiving
Individual with A healthy superego will feel guilt for behaving badly so they are unlikely to act in A way that will affect others
Black burn 1993 said if an individuals superego is deficient New their conscience has Not developed properly - more likely to commit crime

Question 28

The Oedipus complex and superego psychodynamic explanation?

Answer 28

For A person to develop A healthy superego they must identify with their same sex parent
↓
Must navigate The Oedipus complex
Young boy desires affection from mother - has to share with father. Fears father because he has The power to punish him. Boy is jealous o father because of affection from mother. Realises me cannot harm his father so identifies with him so can have someone like mother when older. Boy takes on morality, characteristics and personality of father.
If there is No father A weak superego develops - boy becomes immoral and likely to comment crime
If father is present but immoral boy will follow his morality and become criminal
If parent is overly punitive dominant superego develops

Question 29

What are The 3 types of inadequate superego?

Answer 29

Weak superego
Deviant superego
Over - harsh superego

Question 30

What does Freud believe People must do to develop A healthy superego?

Answer 30

Identify with same sex parent During phallic stage

Question 31

What would lead to someone developing A weak superego?

Answer 31

Same ex parent absent During phallic stage - leaves individual dominated By I’d

Question 32

What would lead to someone developing A deviant superego?

Answer 32

If superego that child internalisEs is immoral/deviant - lead to criminal behaviour

Question 33

What would lead to someone developing A over-harsh superego?

Answer 33

Parent overly harsh
Strict upbringing - commit crime to be caught and punished

Question 34

Who did Eysenck study?

Answer 34

700 solders who were being treated For neurotic disorders

Question 35

What personality types did he find?

Answer 35

Extroversion / introversion
Neuroticism / stability

Question 36

What are some characteristics of these personality traits?

Answer 36

Extroversion / introversion - extrovert sociable but becomes bored quickly, introvert calm and in control of emotions

Neuroticism / stability - neurotic anxious and irrational, stable calm and emotionally In control

Question 37

Which personality type is most likely to be criminals

Answer 37

Extrovert- weed to seek New things to simulate them

Question 38

What is A third personality type Eysenck added later?

Answer 38

Psychotism - cold, uncaring, aggressive
Tend to be criminal

Question 39

What was Eysencks theory?

Answer 39

1947
Developed personality inventory - form of psychological test which locates E and N dimensions to determine personality types
Believed personality has A biological basis and is a result of The nervous System we inherit
Alc personality types including criminals are innate