AC 1.2 (explain the social construction of criminality)

Question 1

Adultery definition.

Answer 1

Sexual relations between 2 married people without the knowledge of their spouse.

Question 2

Adultery situation in the UK.

Answer 2

Legal.

Question 3

Cultures adultery is legal in.

Answer 3

UK and all other European countries.

Question 4

Cultures adultery is illegal in.

Answer 4

Countries governed by Islamic law: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan.

Question 5

Why is adultery different to other cultures?

Answer 5

Religion, status of women, politics.

Question 6

Honour killings definiton.

Answer 6

Killing of people (often women) who are seen to have brough dishonour on their family.

Question 7

Honour killings situation in the UK.

Answer 7

Illegal.

Question 8

Cultures honour killings are legal in.

Answer 8

South and central Asia: Pakistan, India, Jordan.

Question 9

Cultures honour killings are illegal in.

Answer 9

Europe, North America.

Question 10

Why is honour killings different to other cultures?

Answer 10

Status of women, religion.

Question 11

Homosexuality definition.

Answer 11

2 people of the same sex attracted to each other.

Question 12

Homosexuality situation in the UK.

Answer 12

Legal.

Question 13

Cultures homosexuality is legal in.

Answer 13

Europe, parts of America.

Question 14

Cultures homosexuality is illegal in.

Answer 14

Islamic cultures, Qatar.

Question 15

Why is homosexuality different to other cultures.

Answer 15

Status of women, religion.

Question 16

Witchcraft defintion.

Answer 16

Practice of magic, especially for evil purposes.

Question 17

Witchcraft situation in the UK.

Answer 17

Illegal.

Question 18

Cultures witchcraft is legal in.

Answer 18

Mexico, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Romania.

Question 19

Cultures witchcraft is illegal in.

Answer 19

UK, some European countries.

Question 20

Why is witchcraft different to other cultures.

Answer 20

Religion, lifestyle.

Question 21

FGM defintion.

Answer 21

Female genital mutilation, cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia.

Question 22

FGM situation in the UK.

Answer 22

Illegal.

Question 23

Cultures FGM is legal in.

Answer 23

African countries.

Question 24

Cultures FGM is illegal in.

Answer 24

All Europe.

Question 25

Why is FGM different to other cultures.

Answer 25

Status of women.

Question 26

Cannabis definition.

Answer 26

Dried leaves and flowering tops of the cannabis plant.

Question 27

Cannabis situation in the UK.

Answer 27

Illegal for recreational use, can be used for medical use.

Question 28

Cultures cannabis is legal in.

Answer 28

Netherlands, Jamaica, Uruguay, Portugal.

Question 29

Cultures cannabis is illegal in.

Answer 29

France, Japan, Turkey.

Question 30

Why is cannabis different to other culture.

Answer 30

Politics, progression.

Question 31

Capital punishment.

Answer 31

Examples: hanging, electrocution, lethal injection, stoning.
Abolished in 1969 (except for treason which was abolished in 1998 with the Crime and Disorder Act.)

Question 32

Miscarriage of justice.

Answer 32

Being punished for something someone didn’t do.

Question 33

Miscarriage of justice example.

Answer 33

Derek Bentley.
Attempted a robbery with friend Christopher Craig (16), Bentley (18).
Craig shot and killed a police officer.
Bentley says ‘let him have it Chris’ and is misinterpreted.
Bentley gets death penalty and Craig doesn’t as he is 16.
Bentley was also mentally impaired.

Question 34

Law against double jeopardy.

Answer 34

Change in this law meant that someone could be tried for an offence more than once if there was ‘new and compelling evidence’.
Came into force in 2003 with the Criminal Justice Act.

Question 35

Change in law against double jeopardy campaign.

Answer 35

Ann Ming campaigned for this law to be changed after her daughter, Julie Hogg, was murdered and her killer was acquitted.
Billy Dunlop confessed to killing Julie to a police officer while he was in jail for another offence, however he could not be tried again due to the double jeopardy law.
After Ann’s campaign, the law was changed and in 2006, Billy Dunlop was jailed for Julie’s murder.

Question 36

Example for change in law for double jeopardy.

Answer 36

Stephen Lawrence.
Changed in laws around double jeopardy meant that the killers of Stephen Lawrence were successfully prosecuted.
Gary Dobson and David Norris found guilty in 2012 after the racist attack on Stephen in 1993.

Question 37

Further examples of laws changing over time.

Answer 37

Selling of cigarettes: 1950- 16 to purchase, 2022- 18 to purchase (due to medical advancements).
Minimum wage: 1950- no minimum wage, 2022- 1998 National Minimum Wage Act. (due to change in class divide).
Homosexuality: 1950- 1967 homosexual relationships legalised by Wolfenden Report, 2022- 2013 legal for 2 people of the same sex to get married (due to change in politics).

Question 38

How laws change in different places.

Answer 38

Laws enforced differently in the UK - Durham Constabulary does not prioritise people who grow cannabis for personal use.
Jaywalking - crossing without regard to traffic regulations, without a specific crossing.
Offence in most urban areas; US, Canada, Singapore, Poland.4
Not illegal in the UK as it is seen as a personal responsibility to cross the road.

Question 39

Age of responsibility in different countries.

Answer 39

UK - 10
Canada - 12
Bangladesh - 9
China - 12.

Question 40

Other reasons for how laws are applied differently according to the circumstances in which they occur.

Answer 40

Could depend on mens rea.
Offences could be out of self defence or automatism.
Diminished responsibility (mental condition).