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criminology > ac 1.1 unit 2 > Flashcards

ac 1.1 unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are social values

A

general principles or guidelines for how we should live our lives, they tell us what is right and wrong

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2
Q

what are social norms

A

specific rules or socially accepted standards that govern peoples behaviour in particular situations

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3
Q

what are moral codes

A

basic rules, values and principles which are held by an individual, group, organisation or society as a whole (may be written down)

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4
Q

what are the 9 policing policies (moral codes - police code of ethics)

A
  • accountability
  • integrity
  • openness
  • fairness
  • leadership
  • respect
  • honesty
  • objectivity
  • selflessness
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5
Q

define deviance

A
  • any behaviour that differs from normal. (unusual or out of the ordinary behaviour)
  • breaks “norms” of society
  • acts that are “not the done thing”
  • actions that we thrown upon and believe to be “unacceptable”
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6
Q

what are the types of deviance

A
  • unusual but good behaviour (eg risking own life to save someone else)
  • unusual and eccentric or bizarre (talking to trees in the park)
  • unusual and bad or disapproved (physically assaulting someone for no reason)
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7
Q

what is behaviour that is unusual and bad or disapproved of (deviant)

A
  • leads to critical, hostile or disapproving reaction from others
  • these “others” could be society as a whole or a sub-group within society
  • their reaction may involve punishing the deviant in some way
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8
Q

what are the four sanctions for deviance

A
  • formal and informal
  • positive
  • acts of social control
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9
Q

formal sanctions for deviance

A
  • imposed by official bodies such as police, courts, schools and other institutions
  • punishments for breaking formal written rules or laws
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10
Q

informal sanctions for deviance

A
  • used where the rules are not formally written and are perhaps “unspoken”
  • examples : frowning uon behaviour or name calling
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11
Q

positive sanctions for deviance

A
  • societies may choose to reward dthe behaviours they approve of generating a culture of positive reinforcement
  • example, medals of honour
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12
Q

sanctions as an act of social control

A

to avoid deviant behaviour becoming a social norm, sasnctions are created y society with view of seeking control behaviour and ensure that we conform to the expected social norms and values

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13
Q

define criminality

A
  • breaks a written law of society
  • can be punished by the police and law courts
  • examples : drink driving, arson, rape
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14
Q

define criminal behaviour according to society

A
  • not all harmful acts are crimes, not all crimes are harmful acts
  • public often have different views of what acts are “really” a crime
  • sometimes laws are changed to reflect changes in public opinion
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15
Q

legally speaking criminal behaviour…

A
  • is any action that is forbidden by the criminal law
  • for a court to consider a defendants action to be a crime, the action must normally have two elements : actus reus (latin for guilty act - the action) and mens rea (a guilty mind - the intention)
  • so, the defendant mustve done something forbidden by a law and they mustve done so with bad intentions
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16
Q

what are the two exceptions for criminal behaviour

A
  • strict liability
  • self defence
17
Q

strict liability (an exception)

A
  • sometimes the wrongful act on its own is enough to convict someone
  • even if the person didnt intend to do wrong, sometimes its still a crime
  • many health and safety laws work on this but also traffic law (eg speeding)
18
Q

self-defence (an exception)

A
  • assaulting someone when it is self defence isnt a crime
  • so long as the force used was reasonable in the situation
  • this must be in response to an actual/perceived threat at the person
19
Q

seriousness of the offence

A

in UK the law distinguishes between 2 main types of offence
- summary offences (less serious, such as speeding)
- indictable offences (more serious, such as murder)

20
Q

subject matter of offence

A
  • we can also classify the crime by the nature of it
  • main categories of these pffences are : violence against the person, sexual offences, offences against property, fraus and forgery, criminal damage, drug offence and public order offences
21
Q

formal sanctions against criminals

A
  • penalties set out by the law that are imposed on the convicted of commiting a crime
  • sanction given depends on the severity of the crime
  • can be imposed by the courts or the police
22
Q

how would you decide on a sentence efor a criminal (formal sanctions)

A

seriousnsess of the offence, victim and the offender

23
Q

whats one of the most important things judges and magistrates should consider when sentencing (formal sanctions)

A

aprropriate to the crime

24
Q

what do judges and magistrates use to decide on sentences (formal sanctions)

A

the sentencing guidelines

25
Q

although cirumstances of crimes may be different, what is always the same

A

the way the sentence is decided

26
Q

the 8 points that judges and magistrates consider when deciding on a sentence

A
  • seriousness of crime
  • harm to victim
    -level of blame
  • previous conviction
  • personal circumstance
  • remorse
  • guilty plea
  • change in behaviour
27
Q

4 main types of sentence

A
  • prison
  • community service
  • fine
  • discharge
28
Q

why is prison used as a punishment

A

change in the offender behavior/ seriousness of crime

29
Q

how much time will someone spend in prison

A

at least half their sentence

30
Q

what do community sentences include

A

between 40-300 hours of community work, rehab, counselling

31
Q

what determines the level of the fine

A

the level of the offence

32
Q

what is a discharge and why are they used sometimes

A

for the least, must stay out of trouble

33
Q

what are the 4 formal sanctions that the court gives out

A
  • custodial sentences
  • community sentences
  • fines
  • discharge
34
Q

custodial sentences (formal sanctions: courts)

A
  • going to prison or youth offenders
  • for serious offences and the prison term relates to the offence itself
35
Q

community sentences (formal sanctions: courts)

A
  • served in the community
  • can include community service, curfews, drug testing, anger management course etc.

criminology (4 decks)

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