absorbtion of EM radiation and effects of different frequencies Flashcards
Available energy states
Particles of matter can only absorb certain energies. The energies that particles can absorb are called available energy states.
EM radiation is only absorbed by matter if________
the energy of the EM radiation matches the available energy states of the matter.
Number of available energy states
- A substance with few available energy states is likely to be transparent
- A substance with many available energy states is likely not to be transparent.
Colors of objects
Objects appear to be a certain color if they transmit/scatter that color but absorb all other colors.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to rip the electrons from atoms (ionization), break chemical bonds, and destroy molecules.
Non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation has lower energy and that energy goes into the heating matter when it is absorbed.
Types of ionizing radiation
Ultraviolet (sometimes), X-ray, gamma-ray
Types of non-ionizing radiation
radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet (sometimes)
Effects of ionizing radiation on living things: low-intensity short time (minutes, hours)
Little to no effect
Ionizing: low-intensity long exposure time (days, months)
increased chance of mutations, cancer
Ionizing: High intensity (minutes, hours)
Life-threatening illness, permanent damage
Ionizing: High intensity (days, months)
Certain death
To do damage ionizing energy must be ____
absorbed
Effects of non-ionizing radiation
The energy goes into vibrating and moving particles but does not remove the electrons from atoms.
- Increase in thermal energy
- Result in electric currents
- Electrons moving up energy levels (emit light)
non-ionizing low intensity
minor heating/no damage
non-ionizing high intensity
major heating.damages/ unravels proteins
intermolecular forces
Matter holds together because the molecules attract to each other, called intermolecular forces. The attraction is caused by positive protons in one molecule and negative electrons in another molecule.
Intermolecular forces are
the forces between molecules
Intramolecular forces are
the forces within molecules (also known as chemical bonds)
Intermolecular force strength
Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces.
Viscosity
The resistance of a liquid to flowing
Evaporation
When the particles at the surface of a liquid escape into a gas.
Evaporation is slow when _______
intermolecular forces are stronger because it is harder for the molecules to escape
Viscosity is higher when _______
intermolecular forces are stronger because it is harder for the molecules to flow past each other.
