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Patho OB > Abortion > Flashcards

Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

When do most aneuploid abortions occur?

A

By 8 weeks - 75%

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2
Q

When is abdominal trauma most likely to cause miscariage? Earlier or later gestation

A

Advanced AOG

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3
Q

Which trimester is aneuploid abortion most likely?

A

First trimester - 55%

2nd - 35%, 3rd 5%

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4
Q

Define abortion

A

Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability

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5
Q

Which is the most likely cause of trisomy?

A

Isolated nondisjunction

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6
Q

What is septic abortion?

A

Abortion complicated by infection

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7
Q

gross rupture of amniotic membranes with gush of fluid, accompanied by hypogastric pain, bleeding in the presence of cervical dilatation

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

b. inevitable abortion

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8
Q

Autosomal monosomy is rare/frequent and compatible/incompatible with life

A

Autosomal monosomy is rare and incompatible with life

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9
Q

Fetal factors of abortion and which is more likely?

A

. Anembryonic
. Embryonic

Both are 50%

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10
Q

When do more than 80% of spontaneous abortion occur?

A

First 12 weeks

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11
Q

Define abortion

a. less than 15 weeks
b. less than 20 weeks
c. less than 500g
d. less than 250g
e. A and C
f. A and D
g. B and C
h. B and D

A

G. Less than 20 weeks or less than 500 grams

Loss of a fetus less than 20 weeks age of gestation or a birthweight less than 500g

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12
Q

the termination of the pregnancy before fetal viability or before the fetus is sufficiently developed to so survive:

a. ectopic pregnancy
b. h. mole
c. abortion
d. abnormal uterine bleeding

A

c. abortion

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13
Q

Euploid vs aneuploid

A

Euploid: normal chromosomal complement

Aneuploid: abnormal number of chromosomes

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14
Q

80% of spontaneous abortions occur when?

A. within 10 weeks

b. within 12 weeks
c. within 14 weeks
d. within 16 weeks

A

b. within 12 weeks

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15
Q

What is recurrent pregnancy loss?

A

Women with repetitive miscarriage

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16
Q

the normal pathogenesis of
spontaneous abortion is:

a. hemorrhage into the decidua basalis > adjacent tissue necrotic > uterine contractions > expulsion

b. tissue necrotic > hemorrhage into the
decidua basalis > uterine contractions >
expulsion

c. uterine contractions > hemorrhage into the decidua basalis > adjacent tissue necrotic > expulsion

d. hemorrhage into the decidua basalis > uterine contractions >
adjacent tissue necrotic > expulsion

A

a. hemorrhage into the decidua basalis > adjacent tissue necrotic > uterine contractions > expulsion

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17
Q

What is induced abortion?

A

Surgical or medical termination of a live fetus that has not reach viability

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18
Q

Which infections increases abortion?

A 
. Chlamydia trachomatis
. Polymicrobial infection fromperiodental disease
. Mycoplasma
. Ureaplasma
. HIV
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19
Q

When does bacterial vaginosis cause abortion?

A

2nd trimester

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20
Q

What medical disorders are risks for abortion?

A

. Poorly controlled DM
. Obesity
. Thyroid disease
. SLE

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21
Q

Medical or surgical termination of preg before age of viability without medical indication

A. Spontaneous abortion
B. Elective abortion
C. Septic abortion
D. Therapeutic abortion

A

B. Elective abortion

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22
Q

What are the 5 categories of early pregnancy?

A
  1. definite ectopic pregnancy
  2. Probable ectopic
  3. PUL
  4. probably IUP
  5. definite IUP
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23
Q

the placenta in whole or in part is detached from the uterus, accompanied by bleeding, internal cervical os remains open allows passage of blood

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

c. incomplete abortion

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24
Q

Abortion and chromosomal anomaly rates increase/decrease with advancing gestational age

A

decrease

25
Q

Most common trisomy autosomes are? Number and name

A

13, 16, 18, 21, 22

26
Q

Euploid pregnancies abort earlier/later than aneuploid ones. It peaks at how many weeks?

A

later; peaks at 13 weeks

27
Q

Which embryonic defect has normal chromosomes?

A

Euploid

Aneuploid has chromosomal anomalies

28
Q

Expelled products; closed os

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. missed abortion

A

d. complete abortion

29
Q

What is triploidy associated with?

A

Hydropic or molar placental degeneration

30
Q

abortion occurring without
medical or mechanical means
to empty the uterus

a. spontaneous abortion
b. induced abortion
c. therapeutic abortion
d. septic abortion

A

a. spontaneous abortion

31
Q

Which of the following is aborted later and when does it peak?

. Aneuploid
. Euploid

A

Euploid; peaks are 13 weeks

32
Q

Products in uterus; closed os

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. missed abortion

A

a. threatened abortion (fetus alive)

e. missed abortion (fetus dead)

33
Q

What is trisomy 13 known as?

A

Patau Syndrome

34
Q

Products in uterus; open os

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. missed abortion

A

b. inevitable abortion

35
Q

bloody vaginal discharge or bleeding appears through a closed cervical os, the
absence of hypogastric pain.

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

a. threatened abortion

36
Q

What is the consideration for DM in pregnancy?

A

The risk of abortion is

37
Q

What are the 5 types of aneuploid abortion? Which are the first most common and second most common?

A

. Autosomal trisomy - 1st mc
. Monosomy X (45, X) aka Turner Syndrome - 2nd mc

. Triploidy
. Tetraploid aboruses
. Chromosomal structural abnormalities

38
Q

can be diagnosed by
transvaginal ultrasound

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

39
Q

spontaneous abortion with no identifiable embryonic elements

a. anembryonic miscarriage
b. embryonic miscarriage
c. blighted ovum
d. all of the above

A

a. anembryonic miscarriage

40
Q

What is/are the anembryonic defect?

A

Blighted ovum; fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall but does not develop

41
Q

What three things can be seen with TVS in a failed pregnancy?

A
  1. early conceptions in which no products are seen sonographically
  2. pregnancies that display a gestational sac but no embryo
  3. those in which a dead embryo is seen
42
Q

What is pregnancy of unknown location (PUL)?

A

pregnancy identified by hCG testing but without a confirmed sonographic location

43
Q

What is trisomy 21 known as?

A

Down Syndrome

44
Q

Most common chromosome abnormalities are: (3)

A

. Trisomy 50%
. Monosomy X 9-13%
. Triploidy 11-12%

45
Q

complete detachment of the placenta and expulsion of the embryo or fetus with an I.E. findings of a closed internal
cervical os

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

d. complete abortion

46
Q

Which parent is most likely to contribute to aneuploid abortion?

A

Maternal gametogenesis errors 95%

Paternal - 5%

47
Q

What are the 5 types of spontaneous abortion?

A

. Threatened
. Inevitable
. Incomplete
. Comple

48
Q

hypogastric pain may manifest in the anterior abdomen and with rhythmic cramps, radiating to the low back, associated with feeling of pelvic pressure or as a dull, midline, suprapubic discomfort

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. all of the above

A

a. threatened abortion

49
Q

1/3 of miscarriages are euploid abortions.

True or False

A

False.

Half are euploid abortions

50
Q

Hypothyroid/hyperthyroid disease increases abortion rates. What kind is worst?

A

Hypothyroid; overt hypothyroidism

51
Q

What is/are the embryonic defect?

A

. Aneuploid

. Euploid

52
Q

What are the requirements for a failed pregnancy to be called early pregnancy loss?

A

nonviable, intrauterine pregnancy with either an empty gestational sac or a gestational sac containing an embryo or fetus without fetal heart activity within the first 12 6/7 weeks of gestation

53
Q

G3P0 (1020) 16 weeks AOG no fetal movement, no uterus enlargement, doppler no fetal cardiac activity, cervical os close …

A. Missed abortion
B. Inevitable
C. Threatened
D. Inevitable

A

A. Missed abortion

54
Q

Expelled products, open os

a. threatened abortion
b. inevitable abortion
c. incomplete abortion
d. complete abortion
e. missed abortion

A

c. incomplete abortion

55
Q

What is the single most frequent specific chromosomal abnormality?

A

Monosomy X (45, X); Turner Syndrome

56
Q

What is trisomy 16 known as?

A

Edwards Syndrome

57
Q

When is the best time for operation for benign ovarian cyst? Why?

A

2nd trimester (14-16 weeks); placenta is already established

58
Q

What are the the pathophysiological models of the immunoligical factors of abortion? Which is most potent?

A

. Autoimmune; antiphospholipid antibodies directed against binding proteins in plasma

. Alloimmunity; against another person

Patho OB (12 decks)

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