Abnormalities of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are bone abnormalities?

A
  • break in bone
  • fractures
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2
Q

What are bone abnormalities?

A
  • break in bone
  • fractures
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3
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

Skin broken because of fracture

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4
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

Skin still intact

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5
Q

What are the types of fractures? (9)

A
  • transverse
  • displaced
  • compression
  • spiral
  • epiphyseal
  • comminuted
  • greenstick
  • Colles
  • Pott’s
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6
Q

What is transverse (closed) fracture?

A

Break in bone perpendicular to its length
- heals easily

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7
Q

What is displaced fracture?

A

Bone has broken and moved from place of alignment
- if not healed in correct position, can cause deformity of limb

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8
Q

What is compression fracture?

A

Break in bone that occurs in vertebrae
- causes it to collapse due to weight of body
- hard to heal to original position

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9
Q

What is spiral fracture?

A

Caused by twisting force that forms a fracture line around the bone
- heals well

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10
Q

What is epiphyseal fracture?

A

Fracture around growth plate
- causes abnormal growth, limb deformities

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11
Q

What is comminuted fracture?

A

Bone has broken into fragments
- very hard to heal due to complex fragments

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12
Q

What is greenstick fracture?

A

Crack in the bone, not completely fractured
- heals quickly & well

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13
Q

How does a fracture repair?

A
  1. hematoma (blood clot) forms
  2. internal & external callus begins to forms as spongy bone
  3. bony callus fully formed & replaces dead bone
  4. bone remodelling occurs overtime
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14
Q

How does a hematoma form?

A
  • Immediately after fracture, extensive bleeding occurs
  • overtime large blood clot forms
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15
Q

How does the internal & external callus begin to form?

A
  • network of spongy bone unites the inner edges to form internal callus
  • external callus of cartilage & bone stabilises outer edges
  • forms in days
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16
Q

What happens after the bone callus has formed?

A
  • external callus replaced by bone
  • dead bone replaced
  • takes weeks to form
17
Q

How does bone remodelling occur?

A
  • swelling/deformity marks location of fracture
  • this region is remodelled
18
Q

What is Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)?

A
  • extremely rare disease
  • bone forming outside of skeleton (muscle, tendon, ligament) is ossified
  • causes loss of mobility
19
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Porous bones
- decrease in minerals (esp Ca) in bones
- weaker & susceptible to fractures

20
Q

Where does osteoporosis occur?

A

Any bone in body but most commonly spine, hips and wrists

21
Q

Who can be affected by osteoporosis?

A
  • mainly post-menopausal women
  • men, younger women & children
22
Q

What are risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • increased age
  • gender: female > male
  • ethnic origin: caucasian
  • family history
  • lifestyle
  • long-term use of medication affecting bone strength / hormone levels
  • hormone-related conditions
23
Q

What does estrogen cause an increase in?

A
  • calcitonin
  • absorption of Ca in intestines
  • activity of osteoblasts
24
Q

What does estrogen cause a decrease in?

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • excretion of Ca in kidney
  • osteoclasts
25
Q

How does the effect of estrogen on calcitonin and parathyroid hormone affect bones?

A

causes overall decrease in bone resorption/breakdown

26
Q

How does the effect of estrogen on Ca (in kidneys and intestine) affect bones?

A
  • intestine = increases bone building
  • kidney = decreases bone building
  • overall increase in bone builidng
27
Q

How does the effect of estrogen on osteoblasts and osteoclasts affect bones?

A
  • osteoblasts = increases bone building
  • osteoclasts = decreases bone resorption
  • overall increase in bone building
28
Q

What does estrogen deficiency cause?

A
  • bone breakdown increases
  • bone building decreases
29
Q

What are age related changes in bone mass?

A
  • bone mass increases with age until mid 20s
  • bone mass decreases after 40
30
Q

What is the difference in bone appearance between a normal bone matrix and osteoporosis?

A
  • osteoporosis has less dense network
  • more vulnerable to fracture
31
Q

How is osteoporosis identified?

A

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

32
Q

List preventative measures for osteoporosis

A
  • Adequate calcium & vitamin D intake
  • Weight bearing exercise
  • Assess bone health in woman >50 & in men > 60
  • Adequate estrogen in high risk individuals
  • Avoid smoking & excess alcohol
  • Prevent first fragility fracture / future fractures if already occurred
33
Q

What is a treatment of osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates (bone antiresorptive agent)
- inhibits digestion of bone
- by encouraging osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis (cell death)
- thereby slowing bone loss

34
Q

What is Rickets?

A
  • softening & weakening of bones in children
  • due to extreme & prolonged vitamin D deficiency
35
Q

What is Sarcoma?

A
  • rare cancers
  • arise from transformed cells
36
Q

Where do sarcomas develop?

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • nerves
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • blood vessels
  • fatty & fibrous tissues
37
Q

What is a osteosarcoma?

A

Most common type of bone cancer, arises in bone.

38
Q

What is Myeloma?

A

Cancer of blood cells in bone marrow
- abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow
- forms tumors