Abnormal Psych Test 2 Flashcards
Depression
low, sad state in which life seems dark and overwhelming
Mania
State of euphoria and frenzied energy
What is unipolar depression
when patients experience only depression with no history of mania
What group of people is unipolar depression most common in
women
What are the five main areas of function that are affected by unipolar depression
Emotional symptoms, motivational symptoms, behavioral symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and physical symptoms
Anhedonia
experiencing little pleasure
What are the two criteria that must be met to be diagnosed with unipolar depression
major depressive episode marked by five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks and no history of mania
What is another possible disorder for someone who may or may not have unipolar depression
Dysthymia
Dysthymia
same symptoms as unipolar depression but more mild and less disabling
What is double depression
when dysthymia leads to majore depressive disorder
What causes unipolar depression (biological, cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral, sociocultural)
stress, biological predisposition, low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, abnormal levels of cortisol, grief, loss of rewards, maladaptive attitudes, learned helplessness, lack of social support
cognitive triad of negative thinking
individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways, leading to depression
What is another way that depressed people make errors in their thinking?
Arbitrary inferences and minimization of the positive / magnification of the negative
What is the learned helplessness theory of depression
theory that people become depressed when they think that they no longer have control over their lives and they themselves are responsible for this helpless state.
Example of internal attributions that are global and stable and how they lead to greater feelings of helplessness and depression
It’s my fault i did poorly on the exam (internal), im not a good student (global). I dont see my ability to study to improve (stable)
What is bipolar I disorder
Full manic and major depressive episodes
What is bipolar II disorder
hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes
What is cyclothymia
numerous episodes of hypomania and mild depressive symptoms
What are the biological causes for bipolar disorders
low serotonin, low norepinephrine for depression and high norepinephrine for mania, improper transport of ions causing neurons to fire too easily (mania) or to resist firing (depression), abnormalities in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, genetics
What disorder has the highest genetic inheritance
Bipolar Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
major losses or changes in memory, consciousness, and identity but do not have physical causes
Somatic Symptoms
psychological disorders masquerading as physical problems
Psychophysiological disorders
psychological problems produce genuine physical ailments
Are somatic disorders purposeful
No, they believe their problems are genuinely medical
What are the 3 main hysterical somatoform disorders?
conversion disorder, somatization disorder, pain disorder associated with psychological factors
What is a conversion disorder
a somatoform disorder that involves one thing or one area of symptoms
what is a somatization disorder
a somatoform disorder that involves multiple ailments and lasts longer than a conversion disorder
What is a pain disorder associated with psychological factors
when psychosocial factors play a central role in the onset, severity, or continuation of pain
What is a factitious disorder
intentionally producing o r feigning symptoms from a wish to be a patient. They know they’re faking it and they often go to great lengths to create the appearance of an illness. Including being very knowledgable about medicine.
Malingering
intentionally faking illness to achieve external gain
Who are factitious disorders most common among
adults who received extensive medical treatment as kids, family problems, grudges against people who worked in the medical field, people who have worked in the medical field, people with an underlying personality problem such as extreme dependence
What is munchausen’s
extreme and chronic form of factitious disorder
What is munchausen by proxy
parents make up or produce physical illnesses in children
What is illness anxiety disorder
misinterpretation and overreaction to bodily symptoms or features. Focus is on the worry about being sick. If the symptoms overshadow the anxiety, it may be a somatic symptom disorder instead
Body dysmorphia
deep and extreme concern over an imagined or minor defect in one’s appearance.
How do you treat somatic symptom disorders
Treatment emphasizes either the cause or the symptoms. For example, drug therapy, psychodynamic insight, exposure to the traumatic events that triggered the physical symptoms, suggestion (emotional support like hypnosis), reinforcement, and confrontation
Dissociative disorders
when people experience a major disruption in their memory with no physical causes
Dissociative amnesia
one or more episodes of inability to recall important personal info, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. Semantic memory remains in tact
semantic memory
memory for abstract or encyclopedic information
dissociative fugue
not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location
dissociative identity disorder
aka multiple personality disorder
what are the three main eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
similarities between bulimia and anorexia
onset after a period of dieting, fear of becoming obese, preoccupation with appearance, elevated risk of self-harm / suicide, feelings of anxiety depression perfectionism, substance abuse
How are bulimics different from anorexics
ego dystonic, feel less control over their binges and eating, fewer obsessive qualities, more worried about pleasing others, more likely to display characteristics of personality disorder, tend to be controlled by emotion, more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance and poor coping
What is anorexia
a refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight
symptoms of anorexia
fear of becoming overweight, distorted view of body weight and shape, amenorrhea
Amenorrhea
lack of period
What are the two main subtypes of anorexia
restricting type, binge-eating / purging type
What is the driving motivation for anorexia
fear of becoming obese, giving in to the desire to eat, losing control of body shape and weight
What are the problems associated with starvation
amenorrhea, low body temp, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone density, slow heart rate, metabolic and electrolyte changes, dry skin, brittle nails, poor circulation, lanugo
Lanugo
fine, blondish, white hair associated with starvation
What is Bulimia
Bouts of uncontrolled overeating during a limited time period followed by compensatory behaviors
What are the two types of bulimia
purging type (vomiting and misusing laxatives, diuretics, enemas) and non purging type (fasting and exercising excessively)
What is binge eating disorder
bouts of uncontrolled overeating with no compensatory behaviors. extreme dieting does not usually precede this disorder.
What are the leading factors for eating disorders
sociocultural problems, psychological problems, biological problems
What are the sociocultural factors that can lead to eating disorders
in the past, caucasian woman of higher socioeconomic status expressed more concern about thinness and dieting. Half of the families of people with eating disorders emphasize thinness, appearance, and dieting, disturbed mother-child interactions that lead to serious ego deficiencies
What does Bruch argue is the cause for eating disorders
result of disturbed mother-child interactions which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child
what are the biological factors that can lead to eating disorders
genetic predisposition, low serotonin, dysfunction of the hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial) which is responsible for weight set point
If weight falls below set point
hunger increases, metabolism decreases
If weight rises above set point
hunger decreases, metabolism increases
Treatments for Anorexia
force tube and intravenous feeding, supportive nursing care and high calorie diet
Treatments for Bulimia
emphasis on education as much as therapy, individual insight therapy to recognize and change maladaptive attitudes, interpersonal therapy, group therapy provides an opportunity to see that their behavior is abnormal, antidepressant
Treatments for binge eating disorder
cognitive-behavioral approach, antidepressants (but a lot of them cause weight gain)
