Abnormal Psych Exam 2 (The Sequel) Flashcards by Seraphina Fecher

Out of all the disorders in the DSM-5, which one has the highest rate of mortality?

Anorexia Nervosa

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What are the mood disorder specifiers?

anxious distress, mixed, atypical, melancholic, catatonia, psychotic, peripartum, seasonal pattern

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What are the two types of SAD?

atypical, typical

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Symptoms of typical SAD include…

depressed mood, loss of interest, impairment, decreased interest in sex, reduced concentration

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Symptoms of atypical SAD include…

decreased energy, increased appetite/weight, carb craving, increased sleep length, afternoon/evening energy or mood slump

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What are the etiological paradigms for dealing with mood disorders?

psychoanalytic theory, cognitive models, genetic influences, neurobiological influences

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In the Diathesis-Stress Model, diathesis refers to ________, and stress refers to ________.

cognitive vulnerability, life events

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What are the cognitive distortions?

all-or-nothing, magnification, mental filter, over-generalization, personalization, fortune-telling

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What different models are used in the Cognitive Models etiology?

Diathesis-Stress, Beck’s Model, (Learned) Helplessness Theory, Response Style Theory, Generic Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Model

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_______ refers to direct attention inward on negative feelings and their causes/consequences and is part of the ________ Theory.

rumination, Response Style

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________ refers to direct attention away from negative feelings and onto pleasant/neutral activities and is part of the ________ Theory.

distraction, Response Style

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________ developed the cognitive distortions.

Aaron Beck

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Beck believed that _______ sparked ________ which are based on our ________.

situations, automatic thoughts, core beliefs

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Beck’s Negative Cognitive Triad involves _______, _______, and ________.

Core beliefs, intermediate beliefs, situations

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Negative core beliefs involve negative beliefs about ________

the self, the world, the future

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In ____________, a negative event and negative core beliefs result in negative automatic thoughts that lead to symptoms of depression.

Beck’s Causal Chain of Depression

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In Beck’s Causal Chain of Depression, a ________ and _______ result in ________ that lead to __________.

negative event, negative core beliefs, automatic thoughts, depression symptoms

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The Helplessness Theory of depression is based on research by who?

Seligman (1973)

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________ refers to the expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur or aversive outcomes will occur and this cannot be changed.

hopelessness

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In the Generic Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Model, _______ are paired with ________ to result in symptoms of depression.

Negative events, cognitive vulnerability

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Negative inferences about events are a part of the ________ Theory.

Helplessness

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Nolen-Hoeksama believed that the differences between rumination and distraction could explain _______ in depression diagnoses.

sex differences

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The negative inferences about events based on the Helplessness Theory are…

stable/global cause, negative consequences, negative self-characteristics

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Genetic factors for Bipolar Disorder are supported by studies with _______

families, twins, adoption

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If twins are identical and one has Bipolar, the other is _____ more likely to have Bipolar than if they were fraternal.

Heritability for Bipolar is stronger in ______

women

It's believed that the neurotransmitter _______ affects mania/depresson, while _______ affects depression.

norepinephrine, serotonin

Those who have depression may have higher _______ levels.

cortisol

A(n) ________ HPA axis could influence mood disorders.

overactive

The circadian phase hypothesis suggests that circadian rhythms are ______, causing ______.

delayed, SAD

The theory that increased _______ release could result in SAD is called the _________ hypothesis.

melatonin, photoperiodic

Retinal _______ to light may result in SAD symptoms.

subsensitivity

The serotonin hypothesis suggests that a greater ________ of serotonin levels in _____ months could result in SAD symptoms

decrease, winter

Psychological factors for SAD make use of the __________ model.

Integrative, cognitive-behavioral

In the Integrative, Cognitive-Behavioral Model for SAD, the anticipation of winter leads to ________

psychological vulnerability

In the Integrative, Cognitive-Behavioral Model for SAD, environmental cues lead to ________

physiological vulnerability

To treat SAD physiological vulnerability, _______ therapy might be used.

light

To treat SAD psychological vulnerability, _______ therapy might be used.

Cognitive-Behavioral

What are the characteristics of CBT in treating SAD?

time-limited, goal-oriented, structured, present-focused, problem-focused, collaborative

What are the components of CBT?

cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, relapse prevention

The main goal of CBT is _________

relapse prevention

What is the research support behind CBT?

comparable to SSRI medication, treatment durability

CBT has been found to reduce the risk of _______ and ______

relapse, recurrence

What are other psychotherapies used to treat mood disorders?

psychoanalysis, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), behavioral activation, social skills training, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

________ has not been found to be effective in treating depression.

psychoanalysis

IPSRT is used for _______ and helps to regulate _______ and ______ rhythms.

Bipolar, biological, social

Behavioral activation uses _________ to encourage pleasant behaviors and avoided activities.

positive reinforcement

________ is rarely, if ever, used as a sole treatment of depression.

social skills training

What are the main medication treatments for mood disorders?

TCA, MAOI, SSRI, SNRI, Lithium, Anticonvulsants

Patients taking _______ cannot have foods like cheese, wine, or beer because they contain ________.

MAOI, tyramine

The first-generation mood disorder medications are _______

MAOI, TCA

40% of patients on ______ stopped taking them due to side effects such as _______ and ______.

TCA, sexual dysfunction, diarrhea

MAOI and TCA dealt with both _______ and ________

serotonin, norepinephrine

SNRIs block the reuptake of _______

serotonin, norepinephrine

Side effects of lithium medication include _______ and _______.

liver damage, thyroid dysfunction

Biological treatments of Bipolar include ________

lithium, anticonvulsants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

______ are the number one prescription for women.

antidepressants

ECT is a last resort treatment for _______

refractory depression

The ________ placement of electrodes in ECT can reduce _______.

unilateral, memory loss

___% of patients who receive ECT relapse into depression.

Experimental treatments of mood disorders include:

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), light therapy

_____ involves the implantation of a "brain pacemaker."

Deep brain stimulation

_____ involves electromagnetic pulses delivered to a brain region.

transcranial magnetic stimulation

How long should people be exposed to light therapy a day?

30 mins at least

The purpose of light therapy is to restore _______

circadian rhythm to the correct phase

In a study comparing CBT and Light Therapy (LT), it wasn't until _______ after treatment that ______ was found to produce less recurrence than ______.

2 years, CBT, LT

______ SAD refers to SAD symptoms across six weeks.

acute

The intentional ending of one's own life is ______

suicide

The intent to end one's own life plus the use of lethal means characterizes a(n) ________

suicide attempt

Passive or active thoughts about suicide characterize _______

suicide ideation

Engagement in non-lethal self-harm acts without the intent of suicide is considered _______

parasuicidal behavior

Suicide is the ______ leading cause of death in the U.S.

10th

There are approximately _______ suicides per year in the U.S., which comes out to about one every _____ minutes.

31000, 20

Racially, suicide rates are highest in __________

Native-American/Alaskan Natives, Whites

Males are _____ more likely to die by suicide, whereas females are ______ more likely to attempt suicide.

4-5x, 3x

Men often choose _______ means to attempt suicide.

more lethal

Suicide risk factors includes:

suicide in the family, low serotonin levels, pre-existing psychological disorder, alcohol/drug abuse, past suicidal behavior, shameful/humiliating stressor, media coverage of suicide, availibility of lethal means

____ % of those who die by suicide do not have mood disorders.

____ % of those who die by suicide have a psychological disorder.

Mood disorders differ from sadness on the basis of:

intensity, duration, impact, symptoms

The Psychoanalytic theory on mood disorders suggest that depression is a result of _________, while Bipolar is a result of _________

grief over a lost object, anger turned inward

Introjection refers to _______

grief over a lost object