Abnormal Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
In ________ studies, researchers extensively study one person or group of people.
case study
In __________ studies, the relationship between two (or more) variables is examined without experimental manipulation.
correlational
This value quantifies the relationship between two variables.
correlation coefficient
The correlation coefficient is also called _________
Pearson’s coefficient
The correlation coefficient represents a number between ____ and _____
1 and -1
The sign of a correlation coefficient represents the _______ of the relationship.
direction
The absolute size of a correlation coefficient represents the ______ of the relationship.
strength
If a “best fitting line” is completely horizontal, the correlation coefficient is _____
0
The directionality problem refers to the fact that ___________
correlation does not equal causation
In _________ studies, the frequency and distribution of a problem is studied in a specific population.
epidemiological
The proportion of a population that has a problem at a given time refers to _________
prevalence
The number of new cases of something during the same time period refers to _________
incidence
Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a problem are _________
risk factors
Only a(n) ________ study can be used to show causation.
experimental
Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors are often used in a(n) __________ study.
epidemiological
A(n) ________ study examines a causal relation between two variables.
experimental
In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be causal and is therefore manipulated is the _______ variable.
independent
In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be controlled by the manipulated variable is the _______ variable.
dependent
In group studies, __________ is used to balance the number of external factors that could influence the manipulated variable.
random assignment
A(n) ________ refers to an idea stated before an experiment that suggests cause and effect.
hypothesis
___________ is used to determine if there are differences between groups due to chance.
statistical significance testing
A p-value that is ________ can be viewed as statistically significant.
less than 0.5
To assess __________, experimenters must ask, “Did the independent variable produce the outcomes, or did other factors contribute to the finding?”
internal validity
Internal validity assesses whether or not _______
the IV is the only significant factor in producing a difference between groups
When one type of validity (external/internal) is high, the other is _____
low
Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria is used to increase _______
internal validity
Control groups are used primarily to increase ________
internal validity
Random assignment is used primarily to increase ________
internal validity
Internal validity is increased by __________
Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, control groups, random assignment
A randomized clinical trial with very strict guidelines is called a(n) ________
efficacy study
Efficacy studies increase ________
internal validity
External validity assesses whether or not _______
findings are generalizable
Effectiveness studies are used to increase __________
external validity
“Embracing the norms” in an experiment is used to increase ________
external validity
What are the types of control groups that can be used in a group experimental design?
No treatment/wait list, placebo, alternative treatment
Group experimental designs compare groups when a(n) IV is ________, ________, or _________
introduced, changed, withdrawn
The placebo control group is hard to use for _________
psychotherapy treatment
Often, the most ethical type of control group is _________
alternative treatment
In a ___________, participants and experimenters are unaware of which group is the control group
double-blind procedures
Double-blind procedures help to decrease the _______
allegiance effect
In ________ studies, a phenomenon that cannot be tested by a true experiment is substituted for a similar phenomenon in the laboratory.
analogue
Analogue studies are used when _______ cannot be done for ethical/logistical reasons.
true experiments
A study that examines/tests participants who do not have a disorder but are similar to people with that disorder could be an example of a(n) _________ study.
analogue
A(n) ________ refers to something that is related to the disorder of interest in a study.
analogue
In _________ designs, the sequential application of control and experimental variables is examined in an individual.
single-case
An alternation between _______ and ________ measurements are used in a single-case design.
baseline, intervention
Reversal and multiple baseline designs are two methods used for ______ studies.
single-case
A reversal design is also called a(n) ________ design.
ABAB
In an ABAB design, the baseline is represented by ____, and the treatment is represented by ______.
A, B
A _________ design follows a single person with more than one behavioral problem.
multiple baseline
In the real-world with practicing clinicians, the ________ approach is more often used for single-case designs.
multiple baseline
For single-case designs, are pre- and post- assessments adequate to assess treatment?
no
In ________ designs, correlational and experimental research are combined.
mixed
In mixed designs, participants in different groups _____ on some kind of a(n) __________.
differ, classification variable
To study behavior over time, these designs are used:
cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential
A(n) ________ design compares different age groups (cohorts) at one time.
cross-sectional
A limitation of cross-sectional designs is the _________
cohort effect
A(n) ________ design follows the same individuals over time.
longitudinal
A limitation of longitudinal designs is the _________
cross-generational effect
A(n) _________ design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by beginning with participants of different age groups and following them all over time.
sequential
To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, at least _____ of the symptoms (including the required symptom/s) listed have been present during the same ______ period.
5, 2-week
Of the listed criteria for MDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced _________, _________, or both.
sad or depressed mood, loss of interest in activities
Anhedonia refers to the __________
loss of interest in activities
A loss of interest in activities refers to _________
anhedonia
The criteria for Major Depressive Disorder include:
Sad or depressed moon, anhedonia, insomnia/hypersomnia, significant weight/appetite change, fatigue, psychomotor retardation/agitation, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of suicide or death
About _____ % of people with Major Depressive Disorder experience recurrent thoughts of suicide or death
70
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can be characterized by just one ______, but they are usually ________.
Major Depressive Episode, recurrent
Each MDE _______ the risk of having more episodes.
increases
The average MDE duration for those with MDD is _____
4 months
Worldwide lifetime prevalence of MDD is _____ %
16
___ % of non-Hispanic white people experience MDD in the U.S.
17.9
___ % of non-Hispanic Black people experience MDD in the U.S.
10.8
___ % of Hispanic people experience MDD in the U.S.
13.5
MDD is ____ more common in _____
2x, women
The average age of onset for MDD is ____
25
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) used to be called _______ in previous editions of the DSM.
dysthymia
PDD is characterized by depressive symptoms lasting _____ or longer.
2 years
Dysthymia often has _____ symptoms than MDD.
milder
Of the listed criteria for PDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced ______.
depressed mood
In order for someone to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder, their symptoms cannot be better explained by a(n) _______ or by a(n) ________.
psychotic disorder, tragic event
Someone can be diagnosed with PDD if, for 2 years, they have never been without the criteria for more than _____ at a time.
2 months
Along with the required criteria of PDD, the diagnosis requires ____ other symptoms from the given list.
2
The average duration of PDD is ____
5 years
The criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder include:
Depressed mood, poor appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness
What are the types of presentations of PDD?
Pure dysthymia, persistent MDE, intermittent MDE
The prognosis is _____ for PDD than it is for MDD
worse
Double depression refers to a case where someone has ________ and ______
PDD and MDD
The combination of PDD and MDD results in _______
double depression
Late onset of PDD is in one’s ______, while early onset would be ________
early 20s, before 21
PDD has a ______ link to family history than MDD
greater
The world-wide prevalence of PDD is ___ %
3.6
PDD seems to be tied to _____ suicide attempts than MDD
more
Treatment for PDD is often _____ difficult than for MDD
more
A mood that is abnormally low is characterized as _______
depression
A mood that is abnormally high is characterized as _______
mania
The two categories of mood disorders are ________ and _________
bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders
The primary bipolar/related disorders are ________
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder
The main difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II is the ________
degree of mania
A mood elevation that is clearly abnormal but not quite as high as mania is __________
hypomania
In Bipolar I, ________ alternates with _______
mania, MDE
In Bipolar II, ________ alternates with _______
hypomania, MDE
Hypomania lasts at least ____
4 days
A manic episode lasts at least ____, or any duration if ________ is necessary
1 week, hospitalization
In order for someone to be diagnosed with a manic episode, they must experience _______
Elevated, expansive, or irritable and goal-directed activity or energy
The criteria for Bipolar I Disorder include:
Elevated/irritable goal-directed energy, inflated self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, hyperactivity, distractibility, excessive high-risk and pleasurable activities
If someone’s manic episode is characterized by elevated/expansive activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to be diagnosed with Bipolar I. If the manic episode is characterized by irritable activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to get the diagnosis.
3, 4
In order to received a diagnosis for Bipolar II Disorder, _______ must alternate with ______
Hypomania, MDD
The world-wide prevalence of Bipolar Disorder is ___ %
1
In the U.S., ___ % of males experience Bipolar
0.9
In the U.S., ___ % of females experience Bipolar
1.3
Women tend to have more ______ episodes, and men tend to have more ______ episodes.
major depressive, manic/hypomanic
White individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______, while Black individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______.
Bipolar, Schizophrenia
Hypomania differs from mania in severity of ______ and ______.
impairment, duration
Average age of onset for Bipolar I is ____
18
Average age of onset for Bipolar II is ____
22
____ % of those diagnosed with Bipolar I die by _____
15, suicide
_____ % of Bipolar __ cases progress to Bipolar __.
10-13, II, I
Both Bipolar I and Bipolar II tend to be _____
chronic
Cyclothymic Disorder is characterized by ____ severe symptoms than manic and major depressive episodes.
less
Cyclothymic Disorder lasts at least _____
2 years
The lifetime prevalence of Cyclothymic Disorder is ___ %
1
The average age of onset for Cyclothymic Disorder is _____
12-14
Cyclothymic Disorder tends to be _____
lifelong
Most cases of Cyclothymic Disorder are found in _______
women
____ of those with Cyclothymic Disorder go on to develop Bipolar I or II.
1 in 3
The primary depressive disorders are:
Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is reserved for diagnosing people _____ years of age.
6-18
DMDD is characterized by:
Severe, recurrent outbursts of temper
DMDD cannot coexist with _______
Bipolar disorder
The diagnostic criteria for DDMD are:
Severe, recurrent and outbursts of temper, outbursts that are inconsistent with developmental level, outbursts occurring at least 3 times a week, mood before outbursts is observably and persistently irritable
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the criteria need to present for at least _____, and in that time, they have not had any more than _____ in which they did not show all symptoms.
12 months, 3 months
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the outbursts must be present in/with at least 2 of the following settings:
School, home, peers
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, there can be no more than ____ in which criteria for hypomanic/manic episodes have not been met (aside from the duration criteria).
1 day
PMDD can only be diagnosed with at least ___ of the required symptoms and at least ____ total.
1, 5
Symptoms for PMDD include:
affective lability, irritability, depressed mood, anxiety/tension, anhedonia, reduced concentration, fatigue, appetite change, sleep disruption, feeling overwhelmed, gaining weight/feeling bloated
Affective lability refers to ______
mood swings
PMDD is confirmed by prospective ______ over _____ cycles.
daily ratings, 2
____ % of women of reproductive age experience PMDD.
3-8
The mood disorder specifiers are:
anxious distress, mixed, atypical, melancholic, catatonia, psychotic, peripartum, seasonal pattern
The two types of the seasonal pattern specifier are ______ and ______
Atypical, typical depressive
Symptoms of the atypical seasonal pattern specifier are:
decreased energy, increased appetite/weight, carb craving, increased sleep, afternoon/evening slump
When people experience manic and depressive symptoms at the same time, they are in what is called a(n) ______
mixed state
Symptoms of the typical depressive seasonal pattern specifier are:
depressed mood, loss of interest, impairment, decreased interest in sex, decreased concentration
The “winter blues” is a ______ case of SAD called _____
sub threshold, S-SAD
In the U.S., SAD prevalence increases as ______ increases.
latitude
Average age of onset for SAD is ____
mid-20s
The seasonal pattern specifier is most common in people with ____, then ____, and then ____.
MDD, Bipolar II, Bipolar I
Seasonal pattern specifier is more common in _____
women
The average length of an MDE for someone with a seasonal pattern specifier is _____
5 months
The mixed mood disorder specifier occurs when there are at least ____ manic symptoms and at least ____ MDE.
3, 1
Bipolar __ requires history of MDD, but Bipolar __ does not.
II, I
