Abnormal Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
In ________ studies, researchers extensively study one person or group of people.
A
case study
2
Q
In __________ studies, the relationship between two (or more) variables is examined without experimental manipulation.
A
correlational
3
Q
This value quantifies the relationship between two variables.
A
correlation coefficient
4
Q
The correlation coefficient is also called _________
A
Pearson’s coefficient
5
Q
The correlation coefficient represents a number between ____ and _____
A
1 and -1
6
Q
The sign of a correlation coefficient represents the _______ of the relationship.
A
direction
7
Q
The absolute size of a correlation coefficient represents the ______ of the relationship.
A
strength
8
Q
If a “best fitting line” is completely horizontal, the correlation coefficient is _____
A
0
9
Q
The directionality problem refers to the fact that ___________
A
correlation does not equal causation
10
Q
In _________ studies, the frequency and distribution of a problem is studied in a specific population.
A
epidemiological
11
Q
The proportion of a population that has a problem at a given time refers to _________
A
prevalence
12
Q
The number of new cases of something during the same time period refers to _________
A
incidence
13
Q
Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a problem are _________
A
risk factors
14
Q
Only a(n) ________ study can be used to show causation.
A
experimental
15
Q
Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors are often used in a(n) __________ study.
A
epidemiological
16
Q
A(n) ________ study examines a causal relation between two variables.
A
experimental
17
Q
In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be causal and is therefore manipulated is the _______ variable.
A
independent
18
Q
In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be controlled by the manipulated variable is the _______ variable.
A
dependent
19
Q
In group studies, __________ is used to balance the number of external factors that could influence the manipulated variable.
A
random assignment
20
Q
A(n) ________ refers to an idea stated before an experiment that suggests cause and effect.
A
hypothesis
21
Q
___________ is used to determine if there are differences between groups due to chance.
A
statistical significance testing
22
Q
A p-value that is ________ can be viewed as statistically significant.
A
less than 0.5
23
Q
To assess __________, experimenters must ask, “Did the independent variable produce the outcomes, or did other factors contribute to the finding?”
A
internal validity
24
Q
Internal validity assesses whether or not _______
A
the IV is the only significant factor in producing a difference between groups
25
When one type of validity (external/internal) is high, the other is _____
low
26
Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria is used to increase _______
internal validity
27
Control groups are used primarily to increase ________
internal validity
28
Random assignment is used primarily to increase ________
internal validity
29
Internal validity is increased by __________
Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, control groups, random assignment
30
A randomized clinical trial with very strict guidelines is called a(n) ________
efficacy study
31
Efficacy studies increase ________
internal validity
32
External validity assesses whether or not _______
findings are generalizable
33
Effectiveness studies are used to increase __________
external validity
34
"Embracing the norms" in an experiment is used to increase ________
external validity
35
What are the types of control groups that can be used in a group experimental design?
No treatment/wait list, placebo, alternative treatment
36
Group experimental designs compare groups when a(n) IV is ________, ________, or _________
introduced, changed, withdrawn
37
The placebo control group is hard to use for _________
psychotherapy treatment
38
Often, the most ethical type of control group is _________
alternative treatment
39
In a ___________, participants and experimenters are unaware of which group is the control group
double-blind procedures
40
Double-blind procedures help to decrease the _______
allegiance effect
41
In ________ studies, a phenomenon that cannot be tested by a true experiment is substituted for a similar phenomenon in the laboratory.
analogue
42
Analogue studies are used when _______ cannot be done for ethical/logistical reasons.
true experiments
43
A study that examines/tests participants who do not have a disorder but are similar to people with that disorder could be an example of a(n) _________ study.
analogue
44
A(n) ________ refers to something that is related to the disorder of interest in a study.
analogue
45
In _________ designs, the sequential application of control and experimental variables is examined in an individual.
single-case
46
An alternation between _______ and ________ measurements are used in a single-case design.
baseline, intervention
47
Reversal and multiple baseline designs are two methods used for ______ studies.
single-case
48
A reversal design is also called a(n) ________ design.
ABAB
49
In an ABAB design, the baseline is represented by ____, and the treatment is represented by ______.
A, B
50
A _________ design follows a single person with more than one behavioral problem.
multiple baseline
51
In the real-world with practicing clinicians, the ________ approach is more often used for single-case designs.
multiple baseline
52
For single-case designs, are pre- and post- assessments adequate to assess treatment?
no
53
In ________ designs, correlational and experimental research are combined.
mixed
54
In mixed designs, participants in different groups _____ on some kind of a(n) __________.
differ, classification variable
55
To study behavior over time, these designs are used:
cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential
56
A(n) ________ design compares different age groups (cohorts) at one time.
cross-sectional
57
A limitation of cross-sectional designs is the _________
cohort effect
58
A(n) ________ design follows the same individuals over time.
longitudinal
59
A limitation of longitudinal designs is the _________
cross-generational effect
60
A(n) _________ design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by beginning with participants of different age groups and following them all over time.
sequential
61
To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, at least _____ of the symptoms (including the required symptom/s) listed have been present during the same ______ period.
5, 2-week
62
Of the listed criteria for MDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced _________, _________, or both.
sad or depressed mood, loss of interest in activities
63
Anhedonia refers to the __________
loss of interest in activities
64
A loss of interest in activities refers to _________
anhedonia
65
The criteria for Major Depressive Disorder include:
Sad or depressed moon, anhedonia, insomnia/hypersomnia, significant weight/appetite change, fatigue, psychomotor retardation/agitation, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of suicide or death
66
About _____ % of people with Major Depressive Disorder experience recurrent thoughts of suicide or death
70
67
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can be characterized by just one ______, but they are usually ________.
Major Depressive Episode, recurrent
68
Each MDE _______ the risk of having more episodes.
increases
69
The average MDE duration for those with MDD is _____
4 months
70
Worldwide lifetime prevalence of MDD is _____ %
16
71
___ % of non-Hispanic white people experience MDD in the U.S.
17.9
72
___ % of non-Hispanic Black people experience MDD in the U.S.
10.8
73
___ % of Hispanic people experience MDD in the U.S.
13.5
74
MDD is ____ more common in _____
2x, women
75
The average age of onset for MDD is ____
25
76
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) used to be called _______ in previous editions of the DSM.
dysthymia
77
PDD is characterized by depressive symptoms lasting _____ or longer.
2 years
78
Dysthymia often has _____ symptoms than MDD.
milder
79
Of the listed criteria for PDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced ______.
depressed mood
80
In order for someone to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder, their symptoms cannot be better explained by a(n) _______ or by a(n) ________.
psychotic disorder, tragic event
81
Someone can be diagnosed with PDD if, for 2 years, they have never been without the criteria for more than _____ at a time.
2 months
82
Along with the required criteria of PDD, the diagnosis requires ____ other symptoms from the given list.
2
83
The average duration of PDD is ____
5 years
83
The criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder include:
Depressed mood, poor appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness
84
What are the types of presentations of PDD?
Pure dysthymia, persistent MDE, intermittent MDE
85
The prognosis is _____ for PDD than it is for MDD
worse
86
Double depression refers to a case where someone has ________ and ______
PDD and MDD
87
The combination of PDD and MDD results in _______
double depression
88
Late onset of PDD is in one's ______, while early onset would be ________
early 20s, before 21
89
PDD has a ______ link to family history than MDD
greater
90
The world-wide prevalence of PDD is ___ %
3.6
91
PDD seems to be tied to _____ suicide attempts than MDD
more
92
Treatment for PDD is often _____ difficult than for MDD
more
93
A mood that is abnormally low is characterized as _______
depression
94
A mood that is abnormally high is characterized as _______
mania
95
The two categories of mood disorders are ________ and _________
bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders
96
The primary bipolar/related disorders are ________
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder
97
The main difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II is the ________
degree of mania
98
A mood elevation that is clearly abnormal but not quite as high as mania is __________
hypomania
99
In Bipolar I, ________ alternates with _______
mania, MDE
100
In Bipolar II, ________ alternates with _______
hypomania, MDE
101
Hypomania lasts at least ____
4 days
102
A manic episode lasts at least ____, or any duration if ________ is necessary
1 week, hospitalization
103
In order for someone to be diagnosed with a manic episode, they must experience _______
Elevated, expansive, or irritable and goal-directed activity or energy
104
The criteria for Bipolar I Disorder include:
Elevated/irritable goal-directed energy, inflated self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, hyperactivity, distractibility, excessive high-risk and pleasurable activities
105
If someone's manic episode is characterized by elevated/expansive activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to be diagnosed with Bipolar I. If the manic episode is characterized by irritable activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to get the diagnosis.
3, 4
106
In order to received a diagnosis for Bipolar II Disorder, _______ must alternate with ______
Hypomania, MDD
107
The world-wide prevalence of Bipolar Disorder is ___ %
1
108
In the U.S., ___ % of males experience Bipolar
0.9
109
In the U.S., ___ % of females experience Bipolar
1.3
110
Women tend to have more ______ episodes, and men tend to have more ______ episodes.
major depressive, manic/hypomanic
111
White individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______, while Black individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______.
Bipolar, Schizophrenia
112
Hypomania differs from mania in severity of ______ and ______.
impairment, duration
113
Average age of onset for Bipolar I is ____
18
114
Average age of onset for Bipolar II is ____
22
115
____ % of those diagnosed with Bipolar I die by _____
15, suicide
116
_____ % of Bipolar __ cases progress to Bipolar __.
10-13, II, I
117
Both Bipolar I and Bipolar II tend to be _____
chronic
118
Cyclothymic Disorder is characterized by ____ severe symptoms than manic and major depressive episodes.
less
119
Cyclothymic Disorder lasts at least _____
2 years
120
The lifetime prevalence of Cyclothymic Disorder is ___ %
1
121
The average age of onset for Cyclothymic Disorder is _____
12-14
122
Cyclothymic Disorder tends to be _____
lifelong
123
Most cases of Cyclothymic Disorder are found in _______
women
124
____ of those with Cyclothymic Disorder go on to develop Bipolar I or II.
1 in 3
125
The primary depressive disorders are:
Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
126
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is reserved for diagnosing people _____ years of age.
6-18
127
DMDD is characterized by:
Severe, recurrent outbursts of temper
128
DMDD cannot coexist with _______
Bipolar disorder
129
The diagnostic criteria for DDMD are:
Severe, recurrent and outbursts of temper, outbursts that are inconsistent with developmental level, outbursts occurring at least 3 times a week, mood before outbursts is observably and persistently irritable
130
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the criteria need to present for at least _____, and in that time, they have not had any more than _____ in which they did not show all symptoms.
12 months, 3 months
131
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the outbursts must be present in/with at least 2 of the following settings:
School, home, peers
132
In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, there can be no more than ____ in which criteria for hypomanic/manic episodes have not been met (aside from the duration criteria).
1 day
133
PMDD can only be diagnosed with at least ___ of the required symptoms and at least ____ total.
1, 5
134
Symptoms for PMDD include:
affective lability, irritability, depressed mood, anxiety/tension, anhedonia, reduced concentration, fatigue, appetite change, sleep disruption, feeling overwhelmed, gaining weight/feeling bloated
135
Affective lability refers to ______
mood swings
136
PMDD is confirmed by prospective ______ over _____ cycles.
daily ratings, 2
137
____ % of women of reproductive age experience PMDD.
3-8
138
The mood disorder specifiers are:
anxious distress, mixed, atypical, melancholic, catatonia, psychotic, peripartum, seasonal pattern
139
The two types of the seasonal pattern specifier are ______ and ______
Atypical, typical depressive
140
Symptoms of the atypical seasonal pattern specifier are:
decreased energy, increased appetite/weight, carb craving, increased sleep, afternoon/evening slump
141
When people experience manic and depressive symptoms at the same time, they are in what is called a(n) ______
mixed state
142
Symptoms of the typical depressive seasonal pattern specifier are:
depressed mood, loss of interest, impairment, decreased interest in sex, decreased concentration
143
The "winter blues" is a ______ case of SAD called _____
sub threshold, S-SAD
144
In the U.S., SAD prevalence increases as ______ increases.
latitude
145
Average age of onset for SAD is ____
mid-20s
146
The seasonal pattern specifier is most common in people with ____, then ____, and then ____.
MDD, Bipolar II, Bipolar I
147
Seasonal pattern specifier is more common in _____
women
148
The average length of an MDE for someone with a seasonal pattern specifier is _____
5 months
149
The mixed mood disorder specifier occurs when there are at least ____ manic symptoms and at least ____ MDE.
3, 1
150
Bipolar __ requires history of MDD, but Bipolar __ does not.
II, I
