ABM - Chapters 11-12-13

Question 1

difference between typical and atypical behaviour

Answer 1

Typical; behaviour is considered to be normal when it helps a person to adapt appropriately into their society or culture eg. it is normal that someone would shower after they go in the ocean
Atypical: abnormal behaviour is viewed as ‘out of the ordinary’. These behaviours go against societal and cultural norms, may reflect some kind of impairment, or consist of unwelcome behaviours examples; joe urinates on the street

Question 2

6 approaches to normality

Answer 2

situational
societal/cultural
historical
medical
statistical
functional

Question 3

situational normality

Answer 3

different situations require specific behaviour eg. It’s not normal to tell jokes, loudly, at a funeral

Question 4

societal/cultural normality

Answer 4

societal/ cultural: society has ‘norms’ and rules which govern behaviour eg. It’s normal for a child to look an adult in the eyes when talking to them but in Japan, that is considered rude

Question 5

historical normality

Answer 5

time changes the concept of what is ‘normal’ eg. A few decades ago a minority of teenagers had body piercings and tattoos. Today the number has increased, years ago it was considered normal to get married around 18 - 21 years old whereas now it is closer to 30

Question 6

statistical normality

Answer 6

normality can be defined in terms of what is most frequently occurring in a population. Characteristics/behaviour outside the normal range = abnormal), eg. It is statistically abnormal to be 7 feet tall or have an IQ of 145

Question 7

functional normality

Answer 7

normality is dependent on the person being able to carry out their normal activities eg. It’s not normal for panic attacks to prevent a person from going to work in the morning

Question 8

medical normality

Answer 8

abnormality is defined by the diagnosis of mental illness from specific symptoms. eg. normal: Emotional and social well being where individuals cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to community

not normal: It’s not normal to hear voices and experienced hallucinations. Symptoms of disorders affecting one or another

Question 9

adaptive vs maladaptive behaviour

Answer 9

adaptive behaviours are age-appropriate ‘everyday living skills’. These are skills that develop through experience, help us to adjust to our environment, assist in our ability to relate to others and allow us to become independent adults who can function effectively within our society and culture vs maladaptive behaviour develops as a means of reducing anxiety and originate from early childhood experiences, family situations and environmental stressors. In a way, they can be viewed as a coping mechanism

Question 10

contributing factors to adaptive behaviour

Answer 10

• personality predisposition - ability to cope
• resilience
• secure attachment
• parental interest in education
• happy and secure home environment
• financial security

Question 11

examples of adaptive behaviour

Answer 11

• walking
• talking
• dressing on our own
• attending school
• cooking up a huge bowl of popcorn

Question 12

contributing factors to maladaptive behaviours

Answer 12

• insecure attachment
• unhelpful parenting
• violence, abuse, genetics
• personality predisposition
• trauma
• grief/loss
• poverty
• unemployment
• natural disasters

Question 13

examples of maladaptive behaviour

Answer 13

• Avoidance
• withdrawal
• passive aggression
• self harm
• repetitive words and actions

Question 14

mental health problem vs mental disorder

Answer 14

A mental health problem refers to having characteristics/ symptoms of a disorder (that could lead to a disorder). Can be caused by going through a stressful period of time, changes in life. Whereas a mental disorder requires a diagnosis from a medical professional

Question 15

mental health continuum

Answer 15

4 stages:

healthy, reacting, injured and mental disorder

Question 16

psychosis vs neurosis

Answer 16

psychosis refers to situations when there is some loss of contact with reality. Mental disorders such as schizophrenia have episodes of psychosis. eg.The person may experience hallucinations or, lose the distinction between reality and an imaginary world
neurosis: refers to non-psychotic illnesses such as anxiety, depression and personality disorders. There are difficulties with thoughts, feelings and behaviours. eg. Someone with a neurotic disorder may say something like: ‘I know I am being irrational, but I just can’t help it …’, but they are still in touch with reality

Question 17

what is primary appraisal

Answer 17

the initial evaluation to determine if a situation is a threat, harmful or a challenge. (assessing situation)

the situation can be classified as:

• harm/loss - some type of damage has been done
• threat - there may be future harm or loss
• challenge - an opportunity for further growth
• neutral/irrelevant/benign - no personal importance

Question 18

what is secondary appraisal

Answer 18

takes place if the event is a stressor and what is going to be done about it. Resources, energy levels and strategies are considered. (how you respond to the situation, if you have the resources)

problem-focused coping: looks at the cause of the stressor from a practical perspective:
-taking control: changing behaviour to get a better outcome
- information seeking: knowledge can sometimes reduce stress
- evaluating the pros and cons: considering the positive and negative aspect
emotion-focused coping - trying to reduce the negative emotional feelings associated with the stressor
- meditation
- relaxation
- talking about the problem
- denial
- ignoring the problem
- distraction
- expecting a worst-case scenario
- physical exercise

Question 19

DSM - function - what it does and doesn’t do

Answer 19

function: is a manual to assess and diagnose mental disorders across the world.

What does it not do?
doesn’t: provide details or explanations on the causes of the conditions or how you can treat them

Question 20

define schizophrenia

Answer 20

a disorder where a person’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours are affected, and can cause one to withdraw and lose touch with reality.

Question 21

what does the 2 hit hypothesis do

Answer 21

provides a framework to explain the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with schizophrenia.

two hit hypothesis `
first hit - born genetically
second hit - whether they are impacted by environmental factors

Question 22

environmental factors

Answer 22

Environmental factors refer to those events that may cause stress in a person’s life, eg. a traumatic experience.

However, it is important to understand that not one single risk factor alone (genetic or environmental) contributes to the onset of schizophrenia.

Question 23

biopsychosocial

Answer 23

is a way of describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence a person’s mental health.

The model is based on the idea that mental health is best understood by considering specific factors from within each domain and how these factors may combine and interact to influence our wellbeing.

Question 24

external factors

Answer 24

• attachment
• family background
• friends
• school
• poverty
• homelessness
• negletc, abuse

Question 25

stress

Answer 25

can be defined as psychological and physiological response to internal and external tensions

Question 26

eustress

Answer 26

a positive psychological response initiated by 'positive' or challening' events/news etc. this is good stress

Question 27

biological (biopsychosocial framework)

Answer 27

involve physiologically based or determined influences, often not under our control, such as the genes we inherit, balances or imbalances in brain chemistry, brain and nervous system functioning, hormonal activities and bodily responses to stress: include: - genes - male/female - brain chemistry - brain function - nervous system activity - hormones - immune system - physiological responses to stress

Question 28

biological (biopsychosocial framework)

Answer 28

involve physiologically based or determined influences, often not under our control, such as the genes we inherit, balances or imbalances in brain chemistry, brain and nervous system functioning, hormonal activities and bodily responses to stress: include: - genes - male/female - brain chemistry - brain function - nervous system activity - hormones - immune system - physiological responses to stress

Question 29

psychological (biopsychosocial framework)

Answer 29

``` involve all those influences associated with mental processes such as our beliefs, attitudes, ways of thinking, prior learning, perceptions of ourselves, others and our external environment, how we learn, make decisions, solve problems, understand and experience emotions, respond to and manage stress, and reconstruct memories: include: - beliefs and attitudes - personality traits - ways of thinking - learning and memory - perceptions - emotions - coping skills - psychological responses to stress ```

Question 30

social (biopsychosocial framework)

Answer 30

``` include our skills in interacting with others, the range and quality of our interpersonal relationships, the amount and type of support available from others when needed, exposure to stressors, poverty, level of education, employment history, risks of violence, access to health care, and specific cultural influences such as our values and traditions include: - interpersonal relationships - social networks - stressors - access to health care - poverty - level of education - risks of violence - human rights violations - environmental conditions - cultural values and traditions ```

Question 31

schizophrenia diagnosis, symptoms and treatment

Answer 31

Diagnosis - requires the presence of two or more symptoms for six months Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech and behaviour, paranoia, withdrawal, lack of motivation, deterioration in everyday functioning Antipsychotic medications help to redress the neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain. This reduces symptoms but does not cure schizophrenia Support from family and friends is also important Regular therapy to build coping skills and strategies, enabling a person to function in the community

Question 32

first and second hit of 2 hit hypothesis

Answer 32

‘First Hit’ - disruption to the brain during pre-natal stage of development which in turn increases vulnerability to the ‘second hit’ ‘Second Hit’ - personally traumatic or stressful event that can then trigger the onset of schizophrenia

Question 33

ABM: symptoms - behavioural

Answer 33

- social isolation (sits inside) - aggression (hurts wife/ hurts roommate) - self-harm (when he starts picking at his arms looking for the chip) - bizarre behaviour - withdrawal from social contact

Question 34

ABM treatment

Answer 34

- insulin shock therapy - antipsychotic medications - going to a psych ward

Question 35

types of hallucinations

Answer 35

- auditory - visual - olfactory - gustatory - tactile

Question 36

ABM: symptoms - cognitive

Answer 36

- delusion/ hallucination (main ones) - mental confusion (disordered thoughts) - easily distracted - lack of complex thought patterns

Question 37

ABM: symptoms - mood

Answer 37

- anger - anxiety - loss of interest - lacks empathy

Question 38

ABM: symptoms - psychological

Answer 38

- hallucinations - paranoia - hearing voices (follows orders from imaginary people) - argues with imaginary people openly in public - fear of persecution (mockery - when people were making fun of his walk)

Question 39

ABM: symptoms - speech

Answer 39

- struggles socially | - lack of interpersonal relationships

Question 40

What type of schizophrenia does john have

Answer 40

paranoid

Question 41

There are 5 characteristics of schizophrenia

Answer 41

delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour/motor and negative symptoms. John Nash had the specific schizophrenia type of paranoid schizophrenia, which means he experienced lots of delusions and Hallucinations hearing and seeing things that aren't real like his friendship with Charles and hearing gunshots and being undercover with the army.

Question 42

types of delusions

Answer 42

- persecution - reference - grandeur - identity - guilt - control