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UK ATC APP > ABES > Flashcards

ABES Flashcards

1
Q

What are symptoms of an emergency situation or unlawful interference?

A
  • Radio contact not established at the time it is expected to be established
  • Radio contact lost
  • Pilot reports a malfunction of aircraft or unusual behavior of person on board
  • Erratic behaviour of an aircraft or position symbol
  • Aircraft Overdue at aerodrome
  • Pilot reports the aircraft is short of fuel
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2
Q

If a pilot indicates an emergency situation, what should a controller do?

A

Ask if the pilot wishes to declare an emergency, and if not specified, the class of emergency being declared

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3
Q

What is ‘Distress’?

A

The condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and requiring immediate assistance

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4
Q

What is ‘Urgency’?

A

A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight, but does not require immediate assistance

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5
Q

What should a Distress message start with?

A

Mayday, Mayday, Mayday

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6
Q

What should an urgency message start with?

A

Pan pan, Pan pan, Pan pan

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7
Q

What information should be contained with an emergency message?

A
  • Class of emergency (Distress or Urgency)
  • Identification of the aircraft
  • Nature of the emergency
  • Intentions - position, level, heading
  • Qualifications of the pilot (Student, IMC, IR etc)
  • As much information as time permits
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8
Q

If a pilot does not wish to declare an emergency, what may a controller do anyway?

A

Carry out the necessary actions as if a pilot had declared an emergency, if appropriate

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9
Q

What meaning does ‘Fuel emergency’ have?

A

None in the UK. No priority is required to be given unless an emergency is declared

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10
Q

What are the three main emergency transponder codes?

A

7700 - Aircraft emergency
7600 - Radio failure
7500 - Hijack or other act of violence

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11
Q

When should a controller retain control of an aircraft in an emergency?

A

If the controller can offer immediate assistance.

Other aircraft should be transferred to another frequency, or radio silence imposed, or the emergency aircraft may be transferred to another frequency

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12
Q

If a controller believes that another unit may be able to offer more assistance, what should they do?

A
  • Consult the ACC supervisor and transfer according to their instructions
  • Alert the nearest suitable unit and transfer the aircraft to a common frequency, giving assistance as required
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13
Q

What are the terms ‘Executive Control’ and ‘Operational Control’?

A

Terms used by D&D wrt aircraft in an emergency. D&D may delegate operational control, but will retain executive control

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14
Q

What limitations to D&D have?

A
  • May have poor low level coverage, may require to initiate early/high handovers
  • Little or no local knowledge, including of MSA
  • Poor low level RTF coverage. Relays may be required
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15
Q

What should a controller do if they intercept a message from an aircraft that indicates that it is in an emergency?

A
  • If possible, obtain a VDF bearing and pass it to the station being called.
  • Continue to listen out until the aircraft is in 2-way comms with intended unit
  • If it appears that the message isn’t being responded to, forward the message to the unit or the ACC supervisor, attempting to establish 2-way comms with the aircraft, give any assistance possible to the aircraft
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16
Q

In the event of a forced landing, who should a controller contact?

A
  • ACC supervisor to notify local emergency services, even if the aircraft is within the radius of responsibility of Aerodrome Fire Service.
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17
Q

What are the actions a controller should take to assist a pilot in an emergency? (not exhaustive, nor in priority order)

A
  • Inform emergency services
  • Advise of nearest suitable aerodrome (ACC supervisor can assist). Notify that aerodrome and others on track.
  • Plot position and subsequent track
  • Ensure an uninterrupted approach
  • Consider an emergency descent. Prompt to squawk 7700 if not doing so already. Aircraft may change heading without notice to enable. Controller should ensure separation where able and issue traffic information as appropriate. Emergency broadcast message: “ Attention all aircraft in the vicinity of (airfield), emergency descent in progress from FLXX to FL XX, standby for instructions”.
  • Inform ACC supervisor
  • Separate/ inform other aircraft
  • Inform aircraft operator. The operator may request the aircraft divert to another aerodrome.
  • Be aware of the boundaries of major towns and cities, associated handling difficulties and maneuvering limitations
  • Be aware of possible dangerous goods. Inform ATSU of intended landing immediately, AFS and Aerodrome operator. If military, call D&D.
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18
Q

What are the rules regarding fuel jettisoning?

A
  • Decision rests solely with pilot
  • Recommended above 10,000ft AGL.
  • If not possible above 10,000ft or over water, 7000ft in winter or 4000ft in summer.
  • Maintain at least 1000ft vertical separation between aircraft
  • Adjacent ATSUs informed.
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19
Q

What considerations should there be for an emergency overweight landing?

A
  • May affect rate of descent on approach.
  • Additional braking may be required (possible risk of hot brakes/wheel fire)
  • Likely full length of rwy required
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20
Q

What phrase would be used by a pilot deplying a Ballistic recovery system?

A

“Ballistic recovery system deployed”

To be treated similar to engine failure/forced landing. If a recovery system has activated but failed to operate, RFFS/emergency services to be informed.

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21
Q

What is a strayed aircraft?

A

An aircraft which has deviated significantly from its intended track or which reports that it is lost

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22
Q

What is an unidentified aircraft?

A

An aircraft which has been observed or reported to be operating in a given area but whose identity has not bee established.

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23
Q

What actions should a controller take in the event of becoming aware of a strayed aircraft?

A
  • Attempt to establish 2-way communications, and inform the pilot of his position
  • Inform other ATS units into whose area the aircraft has strayed or may stray
  • Request assistance from D&D, other ATS units or other aircraft in establishing communication
  • Notify the ACC supervisor in the event of unlawful interference
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24
Q

What should a controller do if a pilot reports they are lost?

A
  • Treat estimated position reports with caution
    Use ATS surveillance equipment and VDF to attempt to locate the aircraft
  • Advise to climb if comms are poor or aircraft flying at low level and aircraft suspected below surveillance coverage. Take into account flight conditions, terrain, airspace. If unable to climb, warn of potential hazards in area
  • request assistance from other ATS units in determining the aircraft position, inc VDF bearings
  • Inform D&D
  • Notify ACC supervisor
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25
Q

What should a controller do if becoming aware of an unidentified aircraft in the airspace which they are responsible for?

A
  • Attempt to establish the identity of the aircraft
  • Attempt to establish 2-way communication
  • Inform D&D and any other affected ATS units/neighbouring FIRs. Get their assistance in identity and 2-way communication
  • Notify the ACC supervisor in the event of unlawful interference
  • If possible, obtain information from other aircraft in the area
  • If identity ascertained, inform units consulted in the tracing
  • Complete MOR
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26
Q

What should be taken into account when deciding whether to take overdue action?

A
  • Type of aircraft
  • Route - mountainous country, water etc
  • Weather
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27
Q

Overdue Action - Non radio Aircraft

Preliminary Action

A

NLT 30 MINUTES AFTER ETA

  • Check flight plan for obvious errors
  • Check operating company/representative
  • Confirm ATD
  • Inform ACC supervisor
    • Check with alternates
    • Send RQS message
    • Check with likely aerodromes on or adjacent to proposed route
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28
Q

Overdue Action - Non radio Aircraft

Full Overdue Action

A

NLT 60 MINUTES AFTER ETA

  • Notify ACC that aircraft is fully overdue
  • Continue endeavours to trace aircraft. Notify local police if assumed to have made a forced landing
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29
Q

Overdue Action - Radio-equipped Aircraft

Preliminary Action

A

NLT 30 minutes after estimated time for reporting point

  • Advise ACC supervisor
  • Confirm ATD
  • Ensure RQS message sent
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30
Q

Overdue Action - Radio-equipped Aircraft

Full Overdue Action

A

If no news is received, or 1 hour has passed after reporting point, or fuel is considered to be exhausted, inform ACC supervisor that the aircraft is fully overdue

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31
Q

State controllers actions if an aircraft, which has been cleared to commence approach, fails to land within 5 minutes of the estimated time of landing and communication cannot be established

A
  • ADI alert Approach radar
  • Request aircraft flying in the vicinity to keep a look out
  • Exercise caution when authorising movement of aerodrome traffic
  • Alert emergency services
  • Check with other aerodromes in the vicinity
  • Send RQS message
  • ADvise the ACC supervisor
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32
Q

Occasions to adopt radio failure procedures

A
  • Aircraft observed to have selected 7600 and does not respond to ATC communication
  • Communication cannot be maintained with aircraft being provided with ATC service
  • Communication can’t be established with aircraft operating, or intending to operate, on an IFR flight plan within controlled airspace
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33
Q

Actions to take in event of radio failure:

A
  1. Maintain separation between radio failure aircraft and other known traffic
  2. Give pertinent information about the radio failure aircraft to other aircraft in the vicinity
  3. Ask aircraft in the vicinity to establish communication and relay messages
  4. Use all means possible to monitor aircraft progress
  5. Attempt to relay information using ACARS/datalink
  6. Transmit:
    a. Level, route and EAT or ETA to which the radio failure aircraft is assumed to be adhering
    b. Weather conditions at the destination aerodrome, a suitable alternate.
  7. Transmit any instructions from the operator to divert, inform the alternate aerodrome
  8. Commence overdue action if necessary
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34
Q

How many a surveillance unit establish that a radio failure aircraft is able to receive instructions?

A

PSR - instructing aircraft to make a turn. A positive movement indicates the aircraft receiver is working.

SSR - Ident or SPI feature

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35
Q

What should a pilot of a VFR flight experiencing communication failure do?

A
  • Select 7600
  • Land at the nearest suitable aerdrome
  • Take account of visual landing aids, keep watching for any instructions issued by signals from the ground
  • Report arrival to the ATC unit as soon as possible
  • If unable to follow this procedure, adopt the IMC procedure
  • Pilots in receipt of an ATC clearance may enter controlled airspace in accordance with instructions. If no clearance received, aircraft should not enter controlled airspace unless there is an overriding safety reason
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36
Q

What should a pilot of an IMC flight experiencing communication failure do initially, if not being vectored?

A
  • Squawk 7600
  • Starting when 7600 set, maintain the current speed and last assigned level/minimum safe altitude for 7 minutes
  • If failure occurs when following a notified departure procedure SID/ clearance to climb, fly procedure iaw published details until last position, fix or waypoint. For any of the 7 minutes that remain, maintain current speed and last assigned level/MSA
  • After 7 minutes has finished, adjust the speed and lecel iaw current flight plan and continue the flight until the appropriate designated landing aid at the destination aerodrome.
  • Attempt to transmit position reports and altitude /level on appropriate frequency over routine reporting points
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37
Q

What should a pilot of an IMC flight experiencing communication failure do initially, if being vectored?

A
  • Squawk 7600
  • Continued iaw last acknowledge instructions for 3 minutes only, then proceed in the most direct manner possible to rejoin current flight planned route.
  • Remain at or above MSA
  • If being vectored on final approach, comply with local published procedures
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38
Q

What should a pilot of an IMC flight experiencing communication failure do after initial procedures?

A
  • Arrange flight to arrive over appropriate designated landing aid at destination aerodrome as closely as possible to the last ETA acknowledged by ATC, or derived from last position report and flight planned times, at highest notified MSA.
  • If following a STAR, after the 7 minutes is completed, follow descent as close as possible to published profile, or at the minimum published level at IAF if no published procedure
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39
Q

What should a pilot of an IMC flight experiencing communication failure do once reaching landing aid at destination aerodrome?

A
  • Begin further descent at last acknowledged EAT or ETA, or as close as possible to this time. If necesary, remain in holding pattern until minimum holding level, descending at not less than 500fpm
  • If ‘delay not determined’ given, do not attempt to land and divert to alternate
  • Carry out notified instrument approach procedure and land within 30 mins of EAT or calculated ETA
  • Take into account visual landing aids and signals
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40
Q

What should a pilot of a Special VFR flight experiencing communication failure do?

A
  • Squawk 7600
    If transmitter believed to be functioning, transmit blind position reports and intentions
  • Remain clear if not entered CTR, even if clearance obtained
  • If have already entered CTR, proceed iaw clearance and land asap. Watch for visual signs in circuit.
  • If transiting, leave by the most direct route
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41
Q

When shall radio failure procedures cease to be actioned?

A

If alternative action can be taken or normal operations resumed without impairing safety, or the aircraft has landed.

A controller who re-establishes communication with an aircraft must inform the unit at
which the radio failure procedure was initiated and provide it with information required for
further control of aircraft.

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42
Q

When can levels previously occupied by radio failure aircraft be re-allocated to subsequent aircraft?

A

15 minutes after the latest time they should have been vacated, except the lowest level at the stack and the level at which the radio failure aircraft is expected to leave the vicinity, which should be kept clear for 30 minutes, plus appropriate time to allow the aircraft to depart the vicinity.

After 30 minutes, pertinent information should be given to the operators of other aircraft who are to determine whether to resume normal operations.

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43
Q

5 examples of unlawful operation of aircraft in UK airspace

A

1 - Hijacking
2 - Unauthorised removal of aircraft
3 - Flight with intent to defect
4 - Use of an aircraft to effect the escape of prisoners or special hospital patients
5 - Use of an aircraft for the furtherance of crime, including terrorism

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44
Q

What is the policy within UK airspace for hijacked aircraft to do?

A

Land as soon as possible

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45
Q

Who will act as the ATC co-ordinating authority for hijacked aircraft?

A

ACC Watch Supervisor, until assumed by UK Air Defence Authority

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46
Q

Who has overall responsibility for hijacking incident?

A

DfT or MOD and the ATC Co-ordinating authority.

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47
Q

What priority should a controller give to a hijacked aircraft?

A

High - attend promptly to requests, expedite all phases of flight (especially safe landing).

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48
Q

What should the controller of a hijacked aircraft avoid in air-ground communications?

A

Referencing to an incident or hijack, unless the aircraft has referred to it first and it can be assumed it will not aggravate the situation

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49
Q

Where should a hijacked aircraft be directed to once landed?

A

A designated isolated parking position iaw local instructions, or within area selected by the aerodrome operator. The taxi route should be specified, to minimise security risk to the public, other aircraft and other installations.

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50
Q

What phrase should a controller use if an aircraft is seen to be squawking 7500?

A

“callsign, confirm you are squawking assigned code (code assigned by ATC that it would otherwise be squawking)”

Avoid specific mention of 7500

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51
Q

If the Government decides to withhold an ATC clearance to an aircraft, how should the message be passed to the aircraft?

A

Verbatim.

Make provision for normal separation should the aircraft ignore lack of clearance.

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52
Q

Other than squwking 7500, how else may a hijacked/renegade aircraft be suspected/identified?

A
  • Unauthorised deviation from flight plan
  • Refusal or inability to comply with ATC instructions with no good reason
  • Loss of RTF contact
  • Unauthorised SSR code changes/extended use of IDENT
  • Use of non-standard phraseology by the crew or covert attempt to highlight situation
  • Selection of 7600 or 7700 with flight profile deviation
  • Notification from other sources e.g. media
  • Open RTF transmission from cockpit
  • Non-ATC related RTF transmissions
  • Non-specific threat passed from third party
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53
Q

When should an Alerting Service be provided?

A

To all aircraft provided with an air traffic service

In the UK, in so far as practicable, to all other aircraft known to ATSU, and any aircraft subject to unlawful interference

54
Q

Who is responsible for initiating alerting service action?

A

The ATSU last in communication with the aircraft in need or SAR

55
Q

What actions should an aerodrome control unit take when aware that an aircraft is in need of SAR?

A
  • Set in motion the local rescue services and emergency organisations
  • Notify the ACC watch supervisor
56
Q

What is the callsign for RAF search and rescue aircraft?

A

Rescue

  • Rescue Helicopter or Rescue Boat
57
Q

What is the callsign for Coastguard search and rescue aircraft?

A

Coastguard Rescue

58
Q

What constitutes the INCERFA phase?

A

Uncertainty phase

  • No communication within 30 mins after the time it should have been received or from the time an unsuccessful attempt to establish communication first made
    -Fails to arrive within 30 mins of the ETA last notified/estimated,
    or after has been cleared to commence approach and fails to land within 5 mins of estimated time of landing

Maximum of 30 minutes

Except when no doubt exists as to the safety of the aircraft/occupants

59
Q

What actions should be taken in the INCERFA phase?

A

ARCC and ACC collect and evaluate reports

Rescue and other ARCCs may be informed

60
Q

What constitutes the ALERFA phase?

A
  • ALERT phase
  • When aircraft is known or believes to be subject to unlawful interference
  • Attempt to establish comms/enquiries to relevant sources during the INCERFA phase have failed
  • Aircraft has been cleared to land and fails to land within 5 minutes of the estimated time of landing and comms can’t be established
  • Operating efficiency impaired but not to the extend that a forced landing is unlikely
  • Maximum of 1 hour

Except where evidence exists that would allay apprehension to the safety of the aircraft

61
Q

What actions are taken in the ALERFA phase?

A

ARCC alerts the search and rescue services for immediate action

62
Q

What constitutes the DETRESFA phase?

A

Distress phase

  • Further attempts to establish communication or more widespread enquiries during the alert phase have failed
  • The fuel on board is considered exhausted or insufficient to enable to the aircraft to reach safety
  • Operating efficient impaired to an extend that a forced landing is likely
  • The aircraft is known to have force landed or crashed

-Lasts until the aircraft is found and the survivors rescues, or it is clear that there is no longer chance of doing so

Except where there is a reasonable certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are not threatened by grave and imminent danger and do not require immediate assistance

63
Q

What actions are taken during the DETRESFA phase?

A

ARCC puts search and rescue plan into operations and directs it for the duration

64
Q

What telephone precedences can be used in an emergency?

A
  • DISTRESS
  • CIVIL URGENT
  • GOVERNMENT URGENT
65
Q

What is ops normal?

A

A pilot transmission, may occur following a period of RT inactivity of 30 minutes between the ATSU and the pilot

Applicable to all sectors of flights over mountainous or spare terrain

Controller phraseology - ‘Callsign, confirm ops normal’

66
Q

What actions should be taken when aerodrome rescue services are depleted for any reason?

A
  • Transmit to aircraft the message received from the aerodrome operator
    (‘Callsign, Message from the aerodrome
    operator, rescue and fire facilities
    reduced to category (number)’)
  • Inform the ACC watch supervisor
  • Inform any other agency, unit or controller as appropriate
67
Q

How many aerodrome rescue and firefighting categories are there?

A

1 - 10 and Special

68
Q

What information shall be passed to the aircraft in the event of a ground fire?

A

Surface wind

69
Q

What is an Aircraft Accident/Aircraft Accident Imminent?

A

Aircraft accident has occurred or are inevitable on, or in the vicinity of, the aerodrome

70
Q

What is a full emergency?

A

When it is known that an aircraft in the air is, or is suspected to be, in such difficulties that there is a danger of an accident

71
Q

What is a Local standby?

A

When it is known that an aircraft has, or is suspected to have, developed some defect but the trouble would not normally involve any serious difficulty in effecting a safe landing

72
Q

What is a Weather Standby?

A

When wether conditions are such as to render a landing difficult or difficult to observe. Strong crosswind, poor visibility, ice or snow on the runway

73
Q

What is an Unlawful act?

A

Action to be taken in the case of any unlawful act contained in the aerodrome contingency plan

74
Q

What is an off-aerodrome accident?

A

Emergency orders containing details of actions to be taken in the case of aircraft accidents occurring outside the aerodrome boundaries

75
Q

What is a Domestic incident?

A

An incident on the aerodrome not included in the categories of Aircraft Accident/Imminent, Full emergency, Local Standby, Weather Standby or Unlawful act

  • An incident outside the aerodrome boundary, other than an aircraft accident, which is liable to constitute a danger to flying/aerodrome property
  • An incident which the RFFS may attend according to an agreement with local emergency services
  • In response to calls from the public or police on humanitarian grounds
76
Q

What frequency do aircraft communicate with the RFFS?

A

121.6MHz, only when the aircraft is on the ground. Pilot will maintain a listening watch on ATC frequency. ATC unit will be informed when 121.6 is used.

77
Q

Whose responsibility is it to remove a crashed aircraft?

A

The aerodrome operator and the aircraft owner/operator. Permission from AAIB may be required prior to removal action, unless it is apparent that the obstruction may further endanger life (other arriving aircraft having sufficient fuel, impacting a navigation aid

78
Q

What are the firefighting categories at a heliport?

A

H1-3

79
Q

What frequency do EPIRBs operate on?

A

121.5MHz, with a range of approx 30 miles

80
Q

How may ATCUs assist a ship in distress?

A

ARCC may request an ACC to ask an aircraf operating nearby to report in sight of the ship.

  • ACC shall notify any aircraft in the search area plus relevant nearby civil aerodromes
  • Any sightings reported to an ATSU shall be notified to the parent ACC.
  • ACCs will forward on any reports from the aircraft or ATSU to the ARCC
  • ATCU may be required to ask reporting aircraft to attempt to guide other ships to the scene
81
Q

In the event of a major nuclear or chemical incident, who will responsible for the formulation of airspace management measures and dissemination of information?

A

An expert team within SARG, through the CAA Airspace regulator.

ACCs will initially provide tactical rerouting until advice on subsequent action is given.

82
Q

What are the bomb warning categories?

A

RED - A credible threat related to a specific target, caller may have positively identified themselves/organisation. Likely dancer to people, property and activities. Requires immediate protective measures. Treated as category A.

AMBER - A threat of doubtful credibility but prudent to consider taking additional protective measures, especially if there are doubts about the effectiveness of existing countermeasures. May be treated at Cat A as determined by NatRap.

GREEN - A non-credible threat requiring no further action

83
Q

Who decides the location at which an aircraft subject to a bomb warning will land?

A

NatRep, including the route to get there. The aircraft should avoid over-flying densely populated areas.

84
Q

Who should be informed in the event of a bomb warning threat given to an aircraft under the control of an aerodrome ATSU?

A

ACC Watch supervisor

85
Q

What should an aerodrome ATSU do if an aircraft under their control receives a bomb warning threat?

A

Ensure that the appropriate emergency orders are carried out.
Aircraft on the ground advised to remain as far away from other aircraft and installations as possible and if appropriate vacate the runway. The aircraft should taxi to a designated/isolated parking spot and disembark crew and passengers immediately.

86
Q

After an incident, what information should be recorded as part of the reporting procedure if a controller has a subsequent conversation with the pilot concerned?

A
  • The pilot’s name if volunteered
  • Contents of the discussion
  • Whether or not the controller considers the matter closed from a flight safety viewpoint
87
Q

If an incident needs to be reported urgently, how may it be made?

A

Telephone

88
Q

How are standard reports of incidents made?

A

an MOR using the ECCAIRS/ADREP portals or ANSP own portal with mandatory data fields

89
Q

How long must ATS records containing unusual occurrences be preserved for?

A

Until enquiries or investigations have been completed.

  • inc met obs
  • inc original Flight progress strips
  • DEO advised of occurrences immediately
90
Q

What restrictions are there on disclosure of information following an incident?

A
  • Contents of reports should be protected
  • Controllers should not approach a pilot or operator if there is an alleged infringement of legislation
  • Members of the press and general public who make enquiries should be referred to the person authorised to release information
  • Controller may contact aircraft operators by telephone to obtain more details but may not discuss the occurrence further or offer opinions regarding cause or responsibility
91
Q

What authorities may be involved in aircraft incidents?

A

Accidents and serious incidents - Dft or AAIB

AIRPROX and incidents - CAA or UK Airprox Board

92
Q

What are the two phases of reporting action following an Air Traffic Control related Incident ?

A
  • Initial action at the unit

- Full investigation by the CAA

93
Q

What should happen in Phase 1 of an Air Traffic Control related incident assessment?

A
  • Except for extraordinary circumstances, the controller concerned should be removed from operational duty and formally interviewed to establish the basic facts
  • Phone the principal ATS inspector to immediately give details of the incident. It may be useful to review RTF/telephone recordings prior.
  • Principal inspector will decide what action should be taken with the controller’s endorsement/rating/licence and advise of remedial action.
  • The unit manager should carry out a local assessment, conducted iaw local procedures
  • Local management assessment should enable immediate action to be taken to prevent a reccurrence, and include evidence to form the basis of an in-depth investigation of the incident
94
Q

What should happen in Phase 2 of an Air Traffic Control related incident assessment?

A
  • Usually involves interviews at the unit concerned and may require further evidence from controllers who have already been formally interviewed.
  • ATSI will seek to identify the causes of the occurrence and make recommendations where appropriate
95
Q

What report should be filed for a safety related incident?

A

A Mandatory Occurrence Report

96
Q

What report should a controller submit if they are involved in a situation during which they experience excessive workload, to the point where safety was or could have been compromised?

A

An MOR, citing ‘Overload Report’

97
Q

What is an ‘Aircraft Accident’

A

An aircraft, manned or unmanned, received substantial damages or causes death or serious injury or damage to property

98
Q

What is a ‘Reportable Accident’?

A

An incident which takes place between:
(manned aircraft) the time any person boards an aircraft with the intention of flight until all persons have disembarked
(unmanned aircraft) the time an aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down
in which:
A person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of being in the aircraft, direct contact with the aircraft (including parts which have become detached), or direct exposure to jet blast

Except: when injures are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways

Or

The aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics and would normally require major repair, except for: damage limited to a single engine, propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tyres, brakes, wheels, fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, skin, main rotor blades, landing gear

Or if the aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible

99
Q

What is a ‘Serious Incident’

A

An occurrence involving circumstances indicating that an accident nearly occurred

100
Q

What is an AIRPROX

A

A situation in which, in the opinion of the pilot or a controller, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speeds have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved was or may have been compromised

101
Q

What is an incident involving safety

A

An occurrence which has endangered, or if not corrected, would have endangered an aircraft, its occupants or any other person

102
Q

What is an aircraft ground incident?

A

An aircraft on the ground in an emergency situation, other than an accident, that requires the attendance of the emergency services

103
Q

When an incident is reported by phone, what information should be passed?

A
  • Type, nationality and registration of aircraft
  • Owner or operator
  • Date and time of incident
  • Nature of the flight
  • location of accident site
  • Number of crew and passengers
  • Casualties
  • Circumstances of the accident
  • Lighting facilities, navigational/landing aids in use, any unserviceabilities
104
Q

When an incident is reported on a written report, what details are to be included on the report?

A
  • Runway in use
  • Approach aids and lighting facilities in use and their serviceability
  • Relevant information on the serviceability of the aerodrome facilities and surface
  • Any damage to aerodrome or third party property
105
Q

Examples of a serious incident

A
  • Near collisions requiring an avoidance manoeuvre
  • Controlled flight into terrain marginally avoided
  • Aborted take-offs on a closed or occupied rwy
    Take-offs from a closed or occupied rwy with marginal clearance from obstacles
  • Landing/attempted landing on closed or occupied rwy
  • Gross failure to achieve predicted performance during take-off or climb
  • Fire/smoke in the passenger compartment, cargo compartment or engine fires
  • Events requiring oxygen by the flight crew
  • Aircraft structural failures/engine disintegrations not classified as an accident. Multiple malfunctions of one or more systems seriously affecting the operation of the aircraft
  • Flight crew incapacitation
  • Fuel quantity requiring the declaration of an emergency by the pilot
  • Take-off or landing incident
  • System failures, weather phenomena, operations outside approved flight envelope, which could have caused difficulties controlling the aircraft
  • Failure of more than one system in a reduced system mandatory for flight guidance and navigation
106
Q

What is the time limit to submit an MOR?

A

72 hours to report any occurrence which has, or if not corrected, would have endangered an aircraft, its occupants or any other person

107
Q

What form should be submitted if a breach of legislation is believed to have been committed?

A

CA939

108
Q

If an incident occurs on an aircraft, what information may a pilot report to ATC?

A
  • Nationality and registration of aircraft
  • Captain’s name
  • Name and nationality of the person under restraints, details of their journey
  • Description of the incident and the position of the aircraft at the time
  • Names of up to 3 witnesses
  • ETA at the aerodrome of intended landing
109
Q

if matter is believed to have dropped from an aircraft, how should it be reported?

A

As an incident involving safety. All reasonable effort should be made to identify responsible aircraft

110
Q

What are the three types of offences against the ANO?

A
  • An offence against the rules of the air and ATC regulations or published procedures
  • An offence against regulations based on safety
  • An offences against regulations having no direct bearing on safety
111
Q

What support should controllers give to maritime incidents?

A
  • pilots should report witnessing a disaster at sea or substantial patched of oil or possible harmful substances, stating ‘Oil Pollution Report’
  • Controllers should take as much information as possible, such as:
  • Date and time of pollution observed
  • Position and extent of pollution
  • Tide, windspeed and direction
  • Weather conditions and sea state
  • Characteristics of pollution
  • Name and nationality of any vessel seen discharging
  • Identity of any other vessels in the immediate vicinity
  • Whether or not photographs have been taken

Any ATC unit receiving should pass them without delay to the ACC

112
Q

What should be included in a report of an Unidentified Flying Object?

A
  • Date, time and duration of sighting
  • Description of object
  • Exact position of observer
  • How observed
  • Direction in which object was first seen
  • Angular elevation of object
  • Distance of object from observer
  • Movements of object
    Met conditions during observations
  • Nearby objects
  • To whom reported
  • Name and address of informant
  • Any background information on the informant
    -Other witnesses
    -Date and time of receipt of reports
113
Q

What information should be reported after a sonic boom?

A
  • Name and address of informant
  • Time boom heard
  • Description of sound
  • Details of alleged effects on persons, property or livestock
114
Q

What may indicate a malicious interference to VHF communications?

A
  • Change in individuality of transmissions
  • Message transmitted is out of context with the expected next message, in error or using incorrect phraseology
  • Usually transmitted for a short time only and not repeated when queried
  • Signal sometimes only received by pilot or controller, not both
115
Q

Who should be contacted when a malicious or illegal transmission is suspected?

A

Ofcom’s Spectrum Management Centre, with the following info:

  • Radio interference category
  • Frequency or channel
  • description of the interference
  • location of the aircraft or ATSU transceiver
  • Station receiving the interference
  • Any other relevant details
116
Q

What information should be submitted in an AIRPROX report?

A

Posotion at time of incident, time of incident, altitude/flight level, heading, brief details of incident including first sighting and miss distance, weather conditions

117
Q

Who has responsibility for the decision regarding the serviceability of an aircraft in flight?

A

The pilot in command

118
Q

What information should be given in a report for when a captive balloon has broken free

A
  • Type of balloon and whether carrying a person
  • Position of balloon site
  • Direction and speed of drift
  • Last observed height
  • Length of cable attached to the balloon
  • Balloon operator’s name and telephone number
119
Q

What should a pilot do if their aircraft navigation lights fail at night?

A
  • If on the ground, shall no depart if a failure of any light which the ANO requires to be displayed and can’t be immediately repaired or replaced
  • If in flight, land as soon as can safely do so, unless authorised to continue by ATC
120
Q

What should controllers take into consideration before authorising a flight of an aircraft with a navigation light failure?

A
  • Permission should only be granted in the flight is to take place within UK controlled airspace Class A-D airspace. Flight outside UK airspace should only be authorised if permission obtained from adjacent controlling authority
  • If the pilot intends to fly outside controlled airspace or within Class E, pilot should be instructed to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome. Selection is the responsibility of the pilot
121
Q

Who should forward on Supplementary flight plan information, and when?

A
  • When the departure operator or handling agency of a flight closes before ETA at destination plus one hour, the operator or handling agency of the flight should advise POB to the ATSU of the departure aerodrome. If no ATSU, then the name of the person who has access to the flight departure records to go to the ACC.
  • If the ATSU closes before ETA at destination plus one hour, the details in field 19 should be forwarded to the parent ACC including any changes to the endurance or POB
122
Q

What is ‘Minimum Fuel’?

A
  • No further diversion options are available where the aircraft is committed to land at the pilot’s nominated aerodrome with not less than final reserve fuel.
  • Controllers are not required to provide priority to pilots declaring minimum fuel
    =- Controllers shall respond to minimum fuel declarations by confirming the estimated delay he can expect to receive in, or no delay
  • Pilots requiring a flight category A should declare Mayday fuel
123
Q

What should controllers do if a pilot alludes to a medical emergency on board?

A
  • If the pilot doesn’t formally declare an emergency, they should be asked if they are declaring an emergency. If not, they are not required to give priority to the flight
124
Q

What are Cat A aircraft?

A
  • Aircraft in an emergency.
  • Police emergency.
  • Ambulance/medical when the safety of life is involved.
125
Q

What are Cat B aircraft?

A
  • Flights operating for search and rescue or humanitarian reasons.
  • Post-accident flight checks
  • Other flights including open skies, authorised by CAA
  • Police flights under normal operational priority
126
Q

What are Cat C aircraft?

A

Royal flights
- flight carrying visiting heads of stated

Which have been notified by NOTAM

127
Q

What are Cat D aircraft?

A

Flights carrying heads of government or very senior government ministers

128
Q

What are Cat E aircraft?

A

Flight check aircraft engaged on, or in transit to, time or weather critical calibrations
- Other flights authorised by the CAA

129
Q

What are Cat Z flights?

A

Training, non-standard and other flights

130
Q

What are ‘Normal’ flights?

A

Flights which have filed a flight pan in the normal way and conforming with normal routing procedures
Initial instrument flight tests - callsign EXAM

131
Q

How should the aircraft category be marked?

A

In box M, showing a letter in a circle

UK ATC APP (3 decks)

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