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Imaging (small) > Abdominal (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Abdominal (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of abdominal radiographs?

A

advantages - good overview, assessing size and shape
disadvantages - poor at assessing wall changes or organ architecture

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2
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of abdominal ultrasound?

A

advantages - good assessment of internal architecture and luminal space
disadvantages - poor in presence of gas

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3
Q

what settings should be used for abdominal radiographs?

A

low kV and high mAs

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4
Q

why is a low kV and high mAs used for abdominal radiographs?

A

to avoid scatter and improve the contrast resolution

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5
Q

what is the disadvantage of using low kV and high mAs for abdominal radiographs?

A

gives a long exposure which may cause a motion artefact

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6
Q

why is there poor contract in the abdomen?

A

limited amounts of fat to provide contrast

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7
Q

when do you take a radiograph of the abdomen to try and avoid a motion artefact?

A

take during the expiratory pause (at the end of expiration)

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8
Q

what radiographic view is used for the abdomen?

A

VD and lateral

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9
Q

why is a VD view used for abdominal radiographs?

A

spreads out organs…
reduces superimposition

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10
Q

when is contrast most useful in imaging the abdomen?

A

urinary studies (rarely in GI imaging)

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11
Q

what are the two categories of contrast?

A

positive
negative

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12
Q

what are the two types of positive contrast media?

A

iodine
barium

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13
Q

what are the two types of positive iodine contrast media?

A

ionic/non-ionic
high/low osmolarity

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14
Q

what are the two types of negative contrast media?

A

air
carbon dioxide

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15
Q

when is barium used as a contrast?

A

GI tract studies only

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16
Q

why is barium only used in GI studies?

A

causes very severe granulomatous inflammation if it gets into body cavities (can cause death)

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17
Q

what are iodine contain contrasts used for?

A

GI, urinary, IV, myelography

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18
Q

what is the safest type of iodine contrast?

A

non-ionic and low osmolar

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19
Q

what are some issues associated with iodine contrast?

A

can cause anaphylaxis and local irritation if it escapes into the body cavity
can cause kidney failure if used IV

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20
Q

what is a risk of using gas/air as a contrast medium?

A

fatal air embolisms

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21
Q

should you do ultrasound or radiography first?

A

radiography (gel from ultrasound can cause an artefact)

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22
Q

what ate the blind spots when ultrasounding the abdomen?

A

organs within the pelvic canal
vascular malformations
ectopic ureters

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23
Q

what are the radiological (rontgen) signs?

A

number
size
shape (margination)
opacity
location

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24
Q

what are the five radiographic opacities?

A

gas
fat
fluid/soft tissue
mineral
metal

25
Q

what is the mass effect?

A

gives clues about the origin or masses/space-occupying lesions due to movement of other organs

26
Q

what mass effect happens with acute pancreatitis?

A

stomach moves cranially
transverse colon moves caudally

27
Q

what mass effect happens with pyometras?

A

colon moves dorsally
bladder moves ventrally
small intestine moves cranial/dorsal

28
Q

what are the three forms of mineralisation?

A

dystrophic
metastatic
other

29
Q

what is dystrophic mineralisation?

A

mineralisation secondary to tissue damage

30
Q

what is metastatic mineralisation?

A

mineralisation secondary to hypercalcaemia

31
Q

what are some examples of dystrophic mineralisation?

A

fat necrosis (bates bodies)
cats adrenal glands
tumours, abscesses…

32
Q

what are some examples of metastatic mineralisation?

A

toxic (vitamin D)
uraemia
paraneoplastic syndrome

33
Q

what are some causes of mineralisation that aren’t dystrophic or metastatic?

A

urinary calculi
ingesta
osseous neoplasia

34
Q

how does dystrophic and metastatic mineralisation differ on radiographs?

A

dystrophic - focal lesions
metastatic - specific areas (gastric)

35
Q

what provides contrast int he abdomen for radiographs?

A

omental fat

36
Q

what can cause loss of serosal detail in abdominal radiographs?

A

lack of fat
brown fat (high water content so soft tissue opacity)
peritoneal fluid
peritonitis
carcinomatosis/sarcomatosis
visceral crowding (very large masses)

37
Q

what can causes abdominal structures to be very highlighted?

A

pneumoperitoneum

38
Q

what are the three main causes of a pneumoperitoneum?

A

post-surgical (can be up to 4 weeks after)
penetrating trauma
ruptured GIT (causing septic abdomen)

39
Q

how can you tell a patient has a pneumoperitoeum from radiographs?

A

increased contrast (gas/soft tissue)
highlighting of serosal surface organs
gas bubbles outside of GIT

40
Q

what is the most cranial organ of the abdomen?

A

liver

41
Q

how can you tell if the liver is enlarged on radiographs?

A

gastric axis (draw line from middle of fundus to the pylorus, this should be perpendicular to the spine)

42
Q

how does generalised hepatomegaly appear on radiographs?

A

rounded margins
caudally displaced gastric axis
more liver visible past costal arch

43
Q

what can cause generalised hepatomegaly?

A

nodular hyperplasia
lymphoma
diffuse metastasis
acute hepatitis
metabolic hepatopathy

44
Q

how can microhepatica be identified on radiographs?

A

liver contained within costal arch
minimal soft tissue cranial to stomach
cranially displaced gastric axis

45
Q

what are the two main causes of microhepatica?

A

portosystemic shunts
chronic hepatitis

46
Q

where can the tail of the spleen be seen on radiographs?

A

ventrally just caudal to the liver

47
Q

where can the head of the spleen be seen on radiographs?

A

flat triangle on the left superimposing the right kidney

48
Q

how can splenomegaly appear on radiographs?

A

rounded margins
tail caudally displaced
(if tail is visible ventrally)

49
Q

what is contained within the retroperitoneum?

A

kidneys, bladder neck, ureters, vessels, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, prostate

50
Q

what structure is the retroperitoneum continuous with?

A

mediastinum

51
Q

where do retroperitoneal masses often arise from?

A

kidneys and lymph nodes

52
Q

can you visualise normal adrenal glands on radiographs?

A

no

53
Q

when may adrenal glands be visible in a normal healthy animals (incidental)?

A

older cats (they can mineralise)

54
Q

what mass effect does enlarged adrenal glands have?

A

ventral/lateral displacement of kidneys

55
Q

what is mineralisation of adrenal glands in dogs usually associated with?

A

neoplasia

56
Q

what are the common neoplasias of adrenal glands?

A

adenoma
carcinomas

57
Q

what are some lymph nodes that can be found in the retroperitoneum?

A

para-aortic
medial iliac (largest)
internal iliac
sacral

58
Q

what are the main peritoneal lymph nodes?

A

gastric
pancreaticoduodenal
splenic
jejunal
colic

59
Q
A

Imaging (small) (5 decks)

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