Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY Exam 1 > Abdominal Contents > Flashcards

Abdominal Contents Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the abdominal cavity.

A

Diaphragm separates it from the thoracic cavity and it runs continuous with the pelvic cavity, inferiorly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the two layers of peritoneum.

A

Parietal peritoneum: Lines the internal aspect of the abdominal wall (Somatic sensory)
Visceral peritoneum: Invests the organs (Visceral sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the peritoneal cavity.

A
  • Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum with serous fluid in between.
  • There are no organs in this space.
  • Ascites: Excess fluid in this space
  • OPEN in females via uterine tubes, uterus, etc.
  • CLOSED in males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define the retroperitoneal space.

A
  • Space between the parietal peritoneum and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.
  • Contains fat, vessels (abdominal aorta and IVC), and primarily retroperitoneal organs (i.e. kidneys)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between the Intraperitoneal and Secondarily retroperitoneal organs?

A

Intraperitoneal organs: Completely covered by Visceral Peritoneum –> MOBILE
Secondarily retorperitoneal organs: Completely covered by Visceral Peritoneum, but they got pushed into the posterior abdominal wall –> NOT MOBILE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a mesentery.

A
  • Two layers of peritoneum that suspends organs from body wall or other organs.
  • Nerves and vessels travel between these two layers to reach organs.
  • Omenta = Mesentery of the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the location of the Greater Omentum.

A
  • Extends from the greater curvature of stomach/proximal duodenum to transverse colon
  • Forms adhesions to wall off inflamed organs, protecting adjacent viscera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the location of the Lesser Omentum.

A
  • Extends from lesser curvature of stomach/proximal duodenum to the liver
  • Composed of two peritoneal ligaments
    - Hepatogastric ligament between stomach and liver
    - Hepatoduodenal ligament between duodenum and liver (Contains the portal triad = 1) portal vein 2) proper hepatic artery 3) bile duct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The peritoneal cavity is divided into how many sacs?

A

-Two! They are separated by the Omental (Epiploic) foramen, which is an opening deep to the hepatoduodenal ligament that allows for communication between the greater and lesser sacs

1) Greater sac: Larger sac that extends from diaphragm to pelvic region
2) Lesser sac (omental bursa): Smaller sac that is posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the derivatives, blood supply, venous draining, and lymphatics of the FOREGUT?

A
  • Derivatives: esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
  • Blood supply: celiac trunk
  • Venous drainage: gastric veins, splenic vein
  • Lymphatics: celiac lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the derivatives of the FOREGUT and whether they are primarily retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal or secondarily retroperitoneal organs.

A
  • Esophagus: Intraperitoneal
  • Stomach: Intraperitoneal
  • Proximal duodenum: Superior (1st) part Intraperitoneal and Descending (2nd) part Secondarily retroperitoneal
  • Liver: Intraperitoneal
  • Gallbladder: Intraperitoneal
  • Pancreas: Secondarily Retroperitoneal

-Spleen (NOT PART OF FOREGUT): Intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the esophagus.

A
  • Passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm (T10) and only 1-1.5 cm long
  • The contraction of the diaphragm typically functions as a sphincter, helping prevent acid reflux, the regurgitation of stomach contents into the thoracic esophagus
  • Hiatal hernias: The abdominal esophagus and proximal stomach can herniate through the esophageal hiatus, into the thoracic cavity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the parts of the stomach.

A
  • Typically located in the left upper quadrant, occupying transpyloric plane (L1)
  • Lesser curvature: Superior concave margin
  • Greater curvature: Inferior convex margin
  • Cardia: Narrow proximal region
  • Fundus: Dome of the stomach
  • Body:
  • Pyloric portion: Has 3 parts.
    1) Wide pyloric antrum
    2) Narrow pyloric canal
    3) Muscular pyloric sphincter. Located at the transpyloric plane (L1). Circular smooth muscle. Controls release of stomach contents into duodenum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe parts of the Proximal Duodenum (associated with the foregut).

A
  • Located in the right upper quadrant
  • Superior (1st) part (associated with hepatoduodenal ligament) Lies on the transpyloric plane (L1)
  • Descending (2nd) part (Runs parallel to (and just to the right of) IVC. Curves around head of pancreas)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the parts of the Pancreas.

A
  • Located in right upper and left upper quadrants
  • Located posterior to stomach, between duodenum on right and spleen on left
  • Head: Surrounded by the descending (2nd) part of the duodenum and lies anterior to the IVC
  • Body: Lies anterior to the aorta
  • Tail: In contact with hilum of the spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the parts of the Liver.

A
  • Covered with visceral peritoneum except at bare area, adjacent to diaphragm
  • Located mostly in right upper quadrant, deep to ribs 7-11.
  • Falciform ligament: Attaching to the ant. abdominal wall
  • Hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum: Contains portal triad (portal vein, proper hepatic aa., and bile duct)
  • Lobes: Right lobe, Left lobe, Caudate lobe (Next to IVC), Quadrate lobe
  • 8 Segments: Each is supplied by a branch of the left or right hepatic artery and portal vein. Hepatic veins lie intersegmentally, draining into the IVC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the pathway of the Bile Ducts and Gallbladder

A

Left and right hepatic ducts drain into the common hepatic duct, which joins the cystic duct to form the bile duct, which has a smooth muscle sphincter that when contracted, it forces the bile back into the cystic duct and gallbladder, where it is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the pathway of the Main pancreatic duct.

A

Courses from the tail to the head of the pancreas passes through the sphincter of the pancreatic duct to merge with the bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater), which empties into the descending (2nd) part of the duodenum by opening the smooth muscle hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) at the major duodenal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the pathway of the Accessory pancreatic duct.

A

Empties into the descending (2nd) part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla (superior to the major papilla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the location of the spleen.

A
  • Located in the left upper quadrant, deep to ribs 9-11. Lies just inferior to the diaphragm and is in close proximity to the left kidney, tail of the pancreas, and stomach
  • Hilum: Where vessels/nerves enter/exit the spleen. Tail of pancreas is in contact with hilum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discus the abdominal aorta.

A
  • Abdominal aorta extends from the aortic hiatus of diaphragm (T12) to its bifurcation into left and right common iliac arteries (L4)
  • Paired branches of the abdominal aorta supply primarily retroperitoneal organs (e.g., kidneys) and gonads
  • Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta supply the abdominal organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Celiac trunk (T12)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (L1)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) (L3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What branches emerge from the Celiac Trunk?

A
  • Left gastric artery: Courses along lesser curvature (in lesser omentum) and Esophageal arteries breaks off of it
  • Splenic artery: Tortuous, course posterior to the body and tail of the pancreas. Gives off Short gastric arteries and Left gastro-omental artery (Courses along greater curvature in greater omentum)
  • Common hepatic artery: Splits into the proper hepatic artery and Gastroduodenal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What arteries brach off the Proper hepatic artery?

A
  • Courses in hepatoduodenal ligament
  • Right gastric artery: Courses along lesser curvature (in lesser omentum)
  • Right and left hepatic arteries: Supply the liver. Cystic artery usually arises from the right hepatic artery and supplies the gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What arteries brach off the Gastroduodenal artery?

A
  • Courses posterior to the superior (1st part) of the duodenum
  • Right gastro-omental artery: Courses along greater curvature (in greater omentum)
  • Anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
26
Q

Describe the Caval (systemic) system.

A

These veins drain structures in the retroperitoneal space, parallel the paired branches of the aorta, and drain into the inferior vena cava (IVC)

27
Q

Describe the three main tributaries of the portal system and where do they drain?

A
  • Splenic vein
  • Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
  • Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)

-Drain into the Portal Vein

28
Q

Describe the function of the portal system.

A

-Oxygen poor/nutrient rich blood from the abdominal –> portal vein –> Liver (Liver detoxifies/processes the blood) –> hepatic veins (part of the caval system of veins) –> emptied into the IVC

29
Q

What are the areas of portal-caval anastomoses?

A
  • Umbilicus
  • Distal esophagus: Drain into either the azygos system (caval) or left gastric vein (portal). Esophageal varices can rupture.
  • Colon (i.e., ascending/descending)
  • Rectum/Anus
30
Q

Describe the tributaries of the portal system in the FOREGUT.

A

Portal vein: courses in hepatoduodenal ligament

  • Cystic veins
  • Right and left gastric veins
  • Splenic vein: Short gastric veins and Left gastro-omental vein
  • Superior mesenteric vein: Right gastro-omental vein and Anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal veins
31
Q

Describe the fetal circulation in the abdomen.

A

-O2 rich blood enters the fetus via the umbilical vein,
which becomes the ligamentum teres, located in the inferior margin of the falciform ligament
-O2 rich blood then bypasses the liver via the ductus venosus, which becomes the ligamentum venosum
-O2 poor blood leaves the fetus via the umbilical arteries, which become the medial umbilical ligaments

32
Q

Describe foregut lymphatics.

A

Lymph drains to the celiac lymph nodes –> chyle cistern –> thoracic duct

33
Q

What are the derivatives, blood supply, venous draining, and lymphatics of the MIDGUT?

A
  • Derivatives: distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon
  • Blood supply: superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
  • Venous drainage: superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
  • Lymphatics: superior mesenteric lymph nodes
34
Q

Name the derivatives of the MIDGUT and whether they are primarily retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal or secondarily retroperitoneal organs.

A
  • Distal duodenum: Horizontal (3rd) part Secondarily retroperitoneal and Ascending (4th) part Secondarily retroperitoneal
  • Jejunum: Intraperitoneal (robust mesentery)
  • Ileum: Intraperitoneal (robust mesentery)
  • Cecum: Intraperitoneal
  • Appendix: Intraperitoneal (mesoappendix)
  • Ascending colon: USUALLY Secondarily retroperitoneal (intraperitoneal in ~25% of people)
  • Proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon: Intraperitoneal (transverse mesocolon)
35
Q

Describe the distal duodenum.

A

Located in right upper quadrant

  • Horizontal (3rd) part: Superior mesenteric vessels emerge just superior to this part and then pass anterior to it
  • Ascending (4th) part: Forms an acute angle called the duodenojejunal flexure, marking the duodenojejunal junction. Flexure supported by the suspensory muscle of the duodenum (ligament of Treitz) which tethers it to the diaphragm
36
Q

Describe the jejunum.

A
  • Central position in abdomen

- Plicae circulares are very prominent in the jejunum

37
Q

Describe the ilium.

A
  • Central position in abdomen
  • Lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches)
  • Ends at ileocecal junction
38
Q

Describe Ileal (Meckel’s) diverticulum.

A
  • 1-2% occurrence; congenital
  • Remnant of yolk stalk
  • Blind pouch on the antimesenteric side of ileum
  • Typically ~50 cm from ileocecal junction
  • Inflammation of an ileal diverticulum can produce pain similar to appendicitis
39
Q

What makes up the small intestine and which part is forgut/midgut?

A
  • Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
  • Proximal half of duodenum: 1st and 2nd parts are derived from the foregut
  • Distal half of duodenum: 3rd and 4th parts are derived from the midgut
40
Q

What makes up the large intestine and where is the transition from midgut to hidgut?

A
  • Cecum, appendix, colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon), and rectum
  • The midgut/hindgut transition lies at the junction of the proximal two-thirds and distal one-third of the transverse colon
41
Q

What are the features of the large intestine? Up to what point are these features no longer visible?

A
  • Teniae coli: Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
  • Haustra: Pouches between the teniae coli
  • Omental (epiploic) appendices: Fat

-Features end at rectum

42
Q

Describe the cecum.

A
  • Located in right lower quadrant
  • Round pouch
  • Ileocecal valve between ileum and cecum; closes when cecum is distended
43
Q

Describe the appendix.

A
  • Located in right lower quadrant
  • Typically retrocecal
  • Teniae coli converge at appendix
44
Q

Describe “McBurney’s point.”

A

Root of appendix lies 1/3 of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) along a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus

45
Q

Describe the location of the ascending colon.

A
  • Located in right lower and right upper quadrants
  • Extends superiorly along right side of abdominal cavity between the cecum and the right colic (hepatic) flexure
  • Right paracolic gutter is just lateral to the ascending colon (fluid can accumulate here)
46
Q

Describe the location of the transverse colon.

A
  • Located in right upper and left upper quadrants
  • Extends horizontally between the right colic flexure and left colic (splenic) flexure
  • Left colic flexure typically sits at a higher level than the right colic flexure
47
Q

What are the derivatives, blood supply, venous draining, and lymphatics of the HINDGUT?

A
  • Derivatives: distal one-third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
  • Blood supply: inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
  • Venous drainage: inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)
  • Lymphatics: inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
48
Q

Name the derivatives of the HINDGUT and whether they are primarily retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal or secondarily retroperitoneal organs.

A
  • Distal one-third of the transverse colon: Intraperitoneal (transverse mesocolon)
  • Descending colon: USUALLY Secondarily retroperitoneal (intraperitoneal in ~33% of people)
  • Sigmoid colon: Intraperitoneal (sigmoid mesocolon)
  • Rectum: Primarily retroperitoneal
49
Q

Describe the location of the descending colon.

A
  • Located in the left upper and left lower quadrants
  • Extends inferiorly along left side of abdominal cavity between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon
  • Left paracolic gutter is just lateral to descending colon (fluid can accumulate here)
50
Q

Describe the function of the paracolic gutters.

A

The paracolic gutters are conduits for the spread of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

51
Q

Describe the location of the sigmoid colon.

A
  • Typically located in the left lower quadrant
  • Extends from descending colon to rectum
  • S-shaped and variable in position
52
Q

Describe the location of the rectum.

A
  • Continuous proximally with sigmoid colon
  • Continuous distally with anal canal (located in the perineum)
  • Lacks teniae coli, haustra, and omental appendices
  • Not a straight tube (it has lateral flexures)
53
Q

Describe the anorectal flexure.

A
  • Rectum and anal canal meet at an abrupt angle called the anorectal flexure
  • Anorectal flexure is maintained by puborectalis muscle
  • Rectal ampulla lies superior to the flexure; it expands to store fecal material
54
Q

What artery supplies the MIDGUT?

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA): Arises from the abdominal aorta at L1 vertebral level, posterior to the pancreas. Passes anterior to the horizontal (3rd) part of the duodenum

55
Q

What are the branches of the SMA?

A
  • Anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
  • Jejunal and ileal arteries
  • Colic arteries
56
Q

Describe the jejunal and ileal arteries.

A
  • Form anastomosing arcades that terminate in straight arteries (vasa recta)
  • Jejunum characterized by few arcades and long straight arteries
  • Ileum characterized by multiple arcades and short straight arteries
57
Q

Name the branches of the colic arteries.

A
  • Contributes to the marginal artery (an anastomosing loop that parallels the colon)
  • Middle colic artery
  • Right colic artery
  • Ileocolic artery –> Appendicular artery (in mesoappendix)
58
Q

What artery supplies the HINDGUT?

A

-Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA): Arises from the abdominal aorta at L3 vertebral level

59
Q

What are the branches of the IMA?

A
  • Left colic artery (contributes to marginal artery)
  • Sigmoid arteries (2-4) (contribute to marginal artery)
  • Superior rectal artery (terminal branch of IMA)
60
Q

Describe the portal system in the MIDGUT and HINDGUT.

A
  • Midgut: Superior mesenteric vein –> Joins with splenic vein to form the portal vein
  • Hindgut: Inferior mesenteric vein –> Typically empties into splenic vein posterior to body of pancreas
61
Q

Where is the portal-caval anastomoses in the MIDGUT and HINDGUT?

A

Portal tributaries draining the colon communicate with the paired veins of the IVC, providing an alternative route in cases of portal hypertension

62
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the MIDGUT and HINDGUT.

A
  • Lymph from midgut derivatives drain to superior mesenteric lymph nodes –> chyle cistern
  • Lymph from hindgut derivatives drain to inferior mesenteric lymph nodes –> superior mesenteric or lumbar lymph nodes (along aorta)

ANATOMY Exam 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions