Abdominal Abnormalities

Question 1

To determine bowel herniation, you must differentiate it from what?

Answer 1

normal midgut herniation, must ensure it’s in abdomen & not chest

Question 2

What is considered normal bowel herniation?

Answer 2

Echogenic mass at base of umbilical cord b/w 8-12 wks (small bulge)

Question 3

What is abnormal bowel herniation?

Answer 3

Herniated liver and intestines

Question 4

What normal thing can be confused for bowel hernia?

Answer 4

umbilical cord insertion

Question 5

What is gastroschisis?

Answer 5

bowel protruding from anterior wall on right side of umbilical cord

Question 6

What is the difference between gastroschisis and omphalocele?

Answer 6

gastroschisis does not have containing sac, is less severe than omphalocele

Question 7

What is an omphalocele?

Answer 7

Bowel protruding from abdominal wall covered by sac, can contain other organs, highly associated with chromosomal abnormalities

Question 8

What is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?

Answer 8

Group of disorders: omphalocele, macroglossia, macrosomia

Question 9

What two things are seen with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?

Answer 9

polyhydramnios and embryonic tumors

Question 10

What causes limb-body-wall complex?

Answer 10

Amnion & chorion do not separate, amnion cannot cover umbilical cord/insertion because it is fused with chorion (outer sac)

Question 11

What is limb-body-wall complex?

Answer 11

limbs attach to abnormal places (abdomen/torso), also associated with large cranial defects & facial cleft

Question 12

Where do limb-body-wall complex abnormalities more commonly occur?

Answer 12

3 times more common on left side

Question 13

What are symptoms of duodenal atresia & stenosis?

Answer 13

excessive vomiting, failure to thrive

Question 14

When should the duodenum open during gestation?

Answer 14

End of week 8

Question 15

When does biliary atresia occur?

Answer 15

2-8 weeks after birth

Question 16

What is biliary atresia?

Answer 16

Bile ducts do not open after birth

Question 17

What can cause biliary atresia?

Answer 17

Infection during fetal period

Question 18

Where are intestinal obstructions MC?

Answer 18

Jejunum and small bowel

Question 19

What can cause intestinal obstruction to happen?

Answer 19

Stenosis, atresia, malrotation, cystic fibrosis, volvulus

Question 20

What is a common result of intestinal obstruction?

Answer 20

Poly or oligo, obstruction more distal in GI tract = less severe fluid abnormalities

Question 21

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

Answer 21

AKA megacolon, large intestine has too much nerve supply

Question 22

What is meconium peritonitis?

Answer 22

Peritonitis cause by in utero bowel perforation, bacteria gets into peritoneal cavity

Question 23

What causes hyperechoic bowel?

Answer 23

Decreased water content or alteration of meconium (can indicate bowel abnormality after birth)

Question 24

What is the most common congenital defect of GI tract?

Answer 24

Meckel’s diverticulum

Question 25

What causes Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 25

Remnant of primary YS that does not degenerate, causes outpouching of small intestine

Question 26

What causes pseudoascites?

Answer 26

Obstruction, perforation, urinary tract obstruction, infection, tumors

Question 27

What causes ascites in a baby & what is the outcome?

Answer 27

Nonimmune hydrops, always has poor prognosis

Question 28

What is the difference in appearance of pseudoascites and ascites?

Answer 28

Pseudo never outlines falciform ligament & is confined to anterior abdomen.
Ascites outlines falciform lig & umbilical vein

Question 29

What is choledochal cyst?

Answer 29

Dilation of CBD seen next to stomach & GB

Question 30

What can be associated with choledochal cyst?

Answer 30

intermittent biliary obstructioin & severe biliary cirrhosis