Abdominal

Question 1

Abdominal regions

Answer 1

Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbillical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac

Question 2

Haematamesis

Answer 2

Internal bleeding of upper GI

Question 3

Malaena

Answer 3

Blood in stool

Question 4

Borborygmi

Answer 4

Bowel sounds

Question 5

Cullens sign

Answer 5

Bruising around umbilicus

Question 6

Grey turner sign

Answer 6

Bruising around loins

Question 7

Mcburney point

Answer 7

1/3 distance between right iliac spine and umbilicus

Question 8

Rosving test

Answer 8

Pain on palpation of opposit side mcburney point

Question 9

Ascites

Answer 9

Increased fluid in abdomen

Question 10

Causes of ascites

Answer 10

Liver cirrhosis preventing efficient filtration of blood

Question 11

Psoas sign

Answer 11

Raise right leg against pressure to test for appendicitis

Question 12

murphys sign

Answer 12

Apply pressure under right subcostal, pain indicates colecystitis

Question 14

Obturator sign

Answer 14

Patient lies flat and brings knee to chest then rotates away from body. Pain means appendicitis

Question 14

Male reproductive system

Answer 14

Epidydis connect to testes. Testes connect to prostate gland through vas deferens. Seminal vesicles and bladder also connect to prostate gland. urethra then connects prostate to penis

Question 15

Female reproductive system

Answer 15

Ovaries connect to uterus through fallopian tubes. This continues through cervix to vagina.

Question 16

Complications in pregnancy

Answer 16

Shoulder distocia
Ectopic pregnancy rupture
Post partum haemmorhage
ante partum haemmorhage
Miscariage
Pre term delivery (before 37 weeks)
Breech birth (feet first or transverse)

Question 17

Length of pregnancy

Answer 17

38-41 weeks

Question 18

Trimester

Answer 18

1st to 12 weeks
2nd to 27 weeks
3rd to 41 weeks

Question 19

Primigravida

Answer 19

1st pregnancy

Question 20

Multigravida

Answer 20

2nd or more pregnancy
Grand 5+

Question 21

Precipitate labour

Answer 21

Under 3 hours of labour baby is born

Question 22

Length of labour

Answer 22

1st pregnancy 8 to 18 hours
2nd or later 5 to 12 hours

Question 23

Stages of labour

Answer 23

1st stage (4cm to 10cm of dilation). Jelly mucus(show). Membranes may rupture
2nd stage (10cm of dilation to birth). Head visible
3rd stage (after birth to placenta birth)

Question 24

gravidity/ parity

Answer 24

Number of pregnancies/ number of live births (and unsuccessful births)

Question 25

Heartbeat milestones of pregnancy

Answer 25

Visible on ultrasound 5-6/40 Audible on doppler 12/40 Audible with stethoscope 20/40 Viability 24/40

Question 26

Intrapartum

Answer 26

1st to 3rd stage of labour

Question 27

Vertex birth

Answer 27

Ideal head down presentation

Question 28

Occiput anterior/ occiput posterior

Answer 28

Back of head at front (ideal)/ face at front (less ideal)

Question 29

Engaged

Answer 29

Widest part of head past into pelvis

Question 30

Normal blood loss

Answer 30

500ml during labour

Question 31

Peritoneal and tears

Answer 31

Area between opening of vagina and anus First degree - skin 2nd degree - skin and muscle 3rd degree - skin muscle and anus 4th degree - skin muscle anus and bowel tear

Question 32

Height of fundus milestones

Answer 32

Iliac crest 16 weeks umbilicus 20 weeks Diaphragm full term

Question 33

Stages of birth (maneuvres)

Answer 33

Descent - Head drops to pelvis Engagement - Widest part of head passes brim of pelvis Flexion - Chin flexes to chest Internal rotation - Head rotates to posterior Crowning - Head begins to show Extention - Extends head away from chest External rotation/ restitution - Rotates towards thigh Expulsion - Rest of baby is born

Question 34

Considerations for cord

Answer 34

Do not cut until blood has stopped flowing

Question 35

Types of breech

Answer 35

Transverse - across womb Complete breech - Both knees flexed Incomplete breech - One knee flexed Frank breech - Neither knees flexed

Question 36

Cardiovascular adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 36

50% blood volume increase 40% cardiac output increase Heart is higher and rotated anterially Aorta and vena cava compressed when lying on back

Question 37

Pre-eclampsia symptoms

Answer 37

HTN after 20 weeks frontal headache visual disturbance epigastric pain Tremor nausea/vomiting Oedema

Question 38

Preeclampsia pathway

Answer 38

O2 IV access Reassurance

Question 39

Respiratory adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 39

20-40% tidal volume increase 15% oxygen demand increase

Question 40

GI adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 40

Empties less frequently Increased gastric acid Increased reflux due to relaxed cardiac sphincter

Question 41

Urinary adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 41

Larger kidneys Elongated ureters Decreased bladder size Increased risk of UTI due to increased residue

Question 42

Reproductive adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 42

Increased muscle in uterus Increased blood flow to uterus Increased risk of uterine rupture

Question 43

Ectopic pregnancy symptoms

Answer 43

Slight bleed Abdo pain Shoulder tip pain Dizzy Bowel/ bladder symptoms

Question 44

Miscarriage symptoms

Answer 44

Bleeding Pain Reduced pregnancy symptoms

Question 45

Muskuloskeletal adaptations of pregnancy

Answer 45

Pelvic girdle relaxes causing dysfunction and cramps

Question 46

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 46

Ineffective pancreas

Question 47

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 47

Resistance to insulin

Question 48

Insulin

Answer 48

Converts glucose to glycogen

Question 49

Glucagon

Answer 49

Converts glycogen to glucose

Question 50

Hyperglycaemia symptoms

Answer 50

Confusion Dehydration Increased RR

Question 51

Hypoglycaemia symptoms