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PAM 2 > Abdominal > Flashcards

Abdominal Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal regions

A

Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbillical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac

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2
Q

Haematamesis

A

Internal bleeding of upper GI

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3
Q

Malaena

A

Blood in stool

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4
Q

Borborygmi

A

Bowel sounds

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5
Q

Cullens sign

A

Bruising around umbilicus

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6
Q

Grey turner sign

A

Bruising around loins

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7
Q

Mcburney point

A

1/3 distance between right iliac spine and umbilicus

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8
Q

Rosving test

A

Pain on palpation of opposit side mcburney point

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9
Q

Ascites

A

Increased fluid in abdomen

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10
Q

Causes of ascites

A

Liver cirrhosis preventing efficient filtration of blood

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11
Q

Psoas sign

A

Raise right leg against pressure to test for appendicitis

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12
Q

murphys sign

A

Apply pressure under right subcostal, pain indicates colecystitis

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Obturator sign

A

Patient lies flat and brings knee to chest then rotates away from body. Pain means appendicitis

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14
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Epidydis connect to testes. Testes connect to prostate gland through vas deferens. Seminal vesicles and bladder also connect to prostate gland. urethra then connects prostate to penis

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15
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Ovaries connect to uterus through fallopian tubes. This continues through cervix to vagina.

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16
Q

Complications in pregnancy

A

Shoulder distocia
Ectopic pregnancy rupture
Post partum haemmorhage
ante partum haemmorhage
Miscariage
Pre term delivery (before 37 weeks)
Breech birth (feet first or transverse)

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17
Q

Length of pregnancy

A

38-41 weeks

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18
Q

Trimester

A

1st to 12 weeks
2nd to 27 weeks
3rd to 41 weeks

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19
Q

Primigravida

A

1st pregnancy

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20
Q

Multigravida

A

2nd or more pregnancy
Grand 5+

21
Q

Precipitate labour

A

Under 3 hours of labour baby is born

22
Q

Length of labour

A

1st pregnancy 8 to 18 hours
2nd or later 5 to 12 hours

23
Q

Stages of labour

A

1st stage (4cm to 10cm of dilation). Jelly mucus(show). Membranes may rupture
2nd stage (10cm of dilation to birth). Head visible
3rd stage (after birth to placenta birth)

24
Q

gravidity/ parity

A

Number of pregnancies/ number of live births (and unsuccessful births)

25
Q

Heartbeat milestones of pregnancy

A

Visible on ultrasound 5-6/40
Audible on doppler 12/40
Audible with stethoscope 20/40
Viability 24/40

26
Q

Intrapartum

A

1st to 3rd stage of labour

27
Q

Vertex birth

A

Ideal head down presentation

28
Q

Occiput anterior/ occiput posterior

A

Back of head at front (ideal)/ face at front (less ideal)

29
Q

Engaged

A

Widest part of head past into pelvis

30
Q

Normal blood loss

A

500ml during labour

31
Q

Peritoneal and tears

A

Area between opening of vagina and anus
First degree - skin
2nd degree - skin and muscle
3rd degree - skin muscle and anus
4th degree - skin muscle anus and bowel tear

32
Q

Height of fundus milestones

A

Iliac crest 16 weeks
umbilicus 20 weeks
Diaphragm full term

33
Q

Stages of birth (maneuvres)

A

Descent - Head drops to pelvis
Engagement - Widest part of head passes brim of pelvis
Flexion - Chin flexes to chest
Internal rotation - Head rotates to posterior
Crowning - Head begins to show
Extention - Extends head away from chest
External rotation/ restitution - Rotates towards thigh
Expulsion - Rest of baby is born

34
Q

Considerations for cord

A

Do not cut until blood has stopped flowing

35
Q

Types of breech

A

Transverse - across womb
Complete breech - Both knees flexed
Incomplete breech - One knee flexed
Frank breech - Neither knees flexed

36
Q

Cardiovascular adaptations of pregnancy

A

50% blood volume increase
40% cardiac output increase
Heart is higher and rotated anterially
Aorta and vena cava compressed when lying on back

37
Q

Pre-eclampsia symptoms

A

HTN after 20 weeks
frontal headache
visual disturbance
epigastric pain
Tremor
nausea/vomiting
Oedema

38
Q

Preeclampsia pathway

A

O2
IV access
Reassurance

39
Q

Respiratory adaptations of pregnancy

A

20-40% tidal volume increase
15% oxygen demand increase

40
Q

GI adaptations of pregnancy

A

Empties less frequently
Increased gastric acid
Increased reflux due to relaxed cardiac sphincter

41
Q

Urinary adaptations of pregnancy

A

Larger kidneys
Elongated ureters
Decreased bladder size
Increased risk of UTI due to increased residue

42
Q

Reproductive adaptations of pregnancy

A

Increased muscle in uterus
Increased blood flow to uterus
Increased risk of uterine rupture

43
Q

Ectopic pregnancy symptoms

A

Slight bleed
Abdo pain
Shoulder tip pain
Dizzy
Bowel/ bladder symptoms

44
Q

Miscarriage symptoms

A

Bleeding
Pain
Reduced pregnancy symptoms

45
Q

Muskuloskeletal adaptations of pregnancy

A

Pelvic girdle relaxes causing dysfunction and cramps

46
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Ineffective pancreas

47
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Resistance to insulin

48
Q

Insulin

A

Converts glucose to glycogen

49
Q

Glucagon

A

Converts glycogen to glucose

50
Q

Hyperglycaemia symptoms

A

Confusion
Dehydration
Increased RR

51
Q

Hypoglycaemia symptoms

A

PAM 2 (10 decks)

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