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Positioning semester 2 > Abdomen Test 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle for breathing

separates abdominal and thoracic cavities

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2
Q

PSOAS muscles

A

on either side of lumbar spine
flexes and rotates thighs medially
visible on properly exposed radiographs

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3
Q

Digestive system consists of:

A 
oral cavity 
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine 
large intestine
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4
Q

small intestine

A

15-18 feet long

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5
Q

duodenum

A

first portion of small intestine

shortest and widest

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6
Q

jejunum

A

first 2/5ths following the duodenum

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7
Q

ileum

A

distal 3/5ths

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8
Q

Large intestine consists of:

A 
cecum 
ascending colon
hepatic flexure 
transverse colon 
splenic flexure 
descending colon
sigmoid colon 
rectum
anus
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9
Q

accessory organs include:

A

pancreas
liver
gall bladder

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10
Q

Pancreas

A

posterior to the stomach

both an endocrine and exocrine gland

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11
Q

urinary system consists of:

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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12
Q

kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

extend from T12 - L3

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13
Q

ureters

A

about a foot long

retroperitoneal

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14
Q

body cavities

A

dorsal

ventral

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15
Q

dorsal cavity

A

consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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16
Q

ventral cavity

A

consists of thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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17
Q

viscera

A

the organs of any cavity

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18
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

the covering of walls of the cavity

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19
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

the covering on an organ

inner portion

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20
Q

peritoneum

A

double walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity

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21
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space or cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
contains serous fluid

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22
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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23
Q

mesentary

A

fold of the peritoneum

holds the small intestine in place and attaches it to the abdominal wall

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24
Q

mesocolon

A

fold of peritoneum

attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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25
Q

lesser omentum

A

double fold of peritoneum

extends from lesser curvature of stomach to portion of the liver

26
Q

greater omentum

A

largest peritoneal fold

fatty apron that hangs over the transverse colon and small intestine

27
Q

pneumoperitoneum

A

free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
caused by perforation of a gas containing organ
ex: perforating ulcer
best demonstrated by doing an upright abdomen

28
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

caused by contamination of infectious microbe

29
Q

retroperitoneal organs include:

A 
kidneys 
ureters 
adrenal glands
pancreas 
duodenum
ascending an descending colon
30
Q

infraperitoneal organs

A

lower rectum
urinary bladder
reproductive organs in men

31
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A 
liver
gallbladder
spleen 
stomach 
jejunum 
cecum
transverse and sigmoid colon
32
Q

9 abdominal regions

A 
right hypochondriac 
epigastriccip
left hypochondriac
right lateral 
umbilical 
left lateral 
right inguinal 
pubic 
left inguinal
33
Q

xiphoid process

A

T9 - T10

34
Q

inferior costal margin

A

L2-L3

35
Q

iliac crest

A

L4-L5

most commonly used abdominal landmark

36
Q

anterior superior iliac spine ASIS

A

bump that is inferior and anterior to the crests

secondary landmark for abdomen positioning

37
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

part of hip bone you sit on

38
Q

how to prevent motion in abdominal radiography

A

shortest exposure time possible
careful breathing instructions
usage of sponges or sandbags

39
Q

abdominal exposures are made at

A

expiration

40
Q

gonadal shielding for males

A

always use

upper edge of shield placed at the pubic symphysis

41
Q

gonadal shielding for females

A

use only when shields don’t obscure essential anatomy

42
Q

CT and MRI are used for

A

evaluating and diagnosing small neoplasms involving abdominal organs

43
Q

Sonography

A

gallbladder
demonstrate abcesses, cysts, or tumors
appendicitis

44
Q

nuclear medicine

A

GI motility and reflux related to possible bowel obstruction
more of a physiologic exam

45
Q

scout film

A

taken before contrast medium is introduced into the abdominal organ systems

46
Q

Acute abdomen series

A

do a supine and upright or decubitus abdomen and a PA chest

if you can’t do an upright you do left lateral decub

47
Q

AP projection supine

clinical indications

A

bowel obstructions
neoplasms
calcifications
ascites

48
Q

AP projection supine

technical factors

A 
SID of 40 
35x43 IR 
Grid
70-80kv
gonadal shielding
49
Q

AP projection supine

NO rotation

A

iliac wings, obturator foramina and ischial spine appear symmetric
elongation of iliac wings indicates rotation in that direction

50
Q

PA projection prone

A

not desirable because it magnifies the kidneys

51
Q

Lateral decubitus position

clinical indications

A

abdominal masses
air fluid levels
pt. should be on side for a minimum of 5 mins
10-20 mins would be preferred

52
Q

Lateral decubitus position

CR centering

A

center the CR about 2inches above the iliac crests to include the diaphragm

53
Q

AP projection Erect

clinical indications

A

abdominal masses
air fluid levels
intraperitoneal air under diaphragm

54
Q

AP projection erect

central ray

A

CR will be 2inches above the iliac crests

top of the IR at about the level of the axilla

55
Q

AP projection erect

A

don’t need the pubic symphysis

need the diaphragms

56
Q

Dorsal decubitus

clinical indications

A

abnormal masses
accumulation of gas, air fluid levels
aneurysms
calcifications

57
Q

dorsal decubitus

patient position

A

supine
side against IR
arms up beside head

58
Q

Dorsal decubitus

Central ray

A

horizontal CR

centered 2 inches above the iliac crest

59
Q

Lateral position Abdomen

clinical indications

A

abnormal soft tissue masses
umbilical herneias
localization of foreign bodies

60
Q

lateral position abdomen

technical factors

A

80-90 kv range

central ray 2 inches above iliac crests

Positioning semester 2 (4 decks)

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