Abdomen Test 1 Flashcards
diaphragm
muscle for breathing
separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
PSOAS muscles
on either side of lumbar spine
flexes and rotates thighs medially
visible on properly exposed radiographs
Digestive system consists of:
oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
small intestine
15-18 feet long
duodenum
first portion of small intestine
shortest and widest
jejunum
first 2/5ths following the duodenum
ileum
distal 3/5ths
Large intestine consists of:
cecum ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus
accessory organs include:
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
Pancreas
posterior to the stomach
both an endocrine and exocrine gland
urinary system consists of:
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
kidneys
retroperitoneal
extend from T12 - L3
ureters
about a foot long
retroperitoneal
body cavities
dorsal
ventral
dorsal cavity
consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity
ventral cavity
consists of thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
viscera
the organs of any cavity
parietal peritoneum
the covering of walls of the cavity
visceral peritoneum
the covering on an organ
inner portion
peritoneum
double walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
space or cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
contains serous fluid
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
mesentary
fold of the peritoneum
holds the small intestine in place and attaches it to the abdominal wall
mesocolon
fold of peritoneum
attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
lesser omentum
double fold of peritoneum
extends from lesser curvature of stomach to portion of the liver
greater omentum
largest peritoneal fold
fatty apron that hangs over the transverse colon and small intestine
pneumoperitoneum
free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
caused by perforation of a gas containing organ
ex: perforating ulcer
best demonstrated by doing an upright abdomen
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
caused by contamination of infectious microbe
retroperitoneal organs include:
kidneys ureters adrenal glands pancreas duodenum ascending an descending colon
infraperitoneal organs
lower rectum
urinary bladder
reproductive organs in men
intraperitoneal organs
liver gallbladder spleen stomach jejunum cecum transverse and sigmoid colon
9 abdominal regions
right hypochondriac epigastriccip left hypochondriac right lateral umbilical left lateral right inguinal pubic left inguinal
xiphoid process
T9 - T10
inferior costal margin
L2-L3
iliac crest
L4-L5
most commonly used abdominal landmark
anterior superior iliac spine ASIS
bump that is inferior and anterior to the crests
secondary landmark for abdomen positioning
ischial tuberosity
part of hip bone you sit on
how to prevent motion in abdominal radiography
shortest exposure time possible
careful breathing instructions
usage of sponges or sandbags
abdominal exposures are made at
expiration
gonadal shielding for males
always use
upper edge of shield placed at the pubic symphysis
gonadal shielding for females
use only when shields don’t obscure essential anatomy
CT and MRI are used for
evaluating and diagnosing small neoplasms involving abdominal organs
Sonography
gallbladder
demonstrate abcesses, cysts, or tumors
appendicitis
nuclear medicine
GI motility and reflux related to possible bowel obstruction
more of a physiologic exam
scout film
taken before contrast medium is introduced into the abdominal organ systems
Acute abdomen series
do a supine and upright or decubitus abdomen and a PA chest
if you can’t do an upright you do left lateral decub
AP projection supine
clinical indications
bowel obstructions
neoplasms
calcifications
ascites
AP projection supine
technical factors
SID of 40 35x43 IR Grid 70-80kv gonadal shielding
AP projection supine
NO rotation
iliac wings, obturator foramina and ischial spine appear symmetric
elongation of iliac wings indicates rotation in that direction
PA projection prone
not desirable because it magnifies the kidneys
Lateral decubitus position
clinical indications
abdominal masses
air fluid levels
pt. should be on side for a minimum of 5 mins
10-20 mins would be preferred
Lateral decubitus position
CR centering
center the CR about 2inches above the iliac crests to include the diaphragm
AP projection Erect
clinical indications
abdominal masses
air fluid levels
intraperitoneal air under diaphragm
AP projection erect
central ray
CR will be 2inches above the iliac crests
top of the IR at about the level of the axilla
AP projection erect
don’t need the pubic symphysis
need the diaphragms
Dorsal decubitus
clinical indications
abnormal masses
accumulation of gas, air fluid levels
aneurysms
calcifications
dorsal decubitus
patient position
supine
side against IR
arms up beside head
Dorsal decubitus
Central ray
horizontal CR
centered 2 inches above the iliac crest
Lateral position Abdomen
clinical indications
abnormal soft tissue masses
umbilical herneias
localization of foreign bodies
lateral position abdomen
technical factors
80-90 kv range
central ray 2 inches above iliac crests
