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anatomy of the individual > abdomen surface anatomy > Flashcards

abdomen surface anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower

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2
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

right hypochondrium
left hypochondrium
epigastric
right lumbar
left lumbar
umbilical
right iliac
left iliac
hypogastrium / suprapubic

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3
Q

what forms the superior boundary (thoracic outlet) of the abdominal cavity?

A

the xiphoid process

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4
Q

what forms the inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

the ischial crest of the pelvis and the pubic bone

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5
Q

what forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

the lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

which muscles form the walls of the abdo cavity?

A

obliques
rectus abdominus
quadratus lumborum

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7
Q

what is the function of the obliques?

A

flex the trunk

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8
Q

what muscle forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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9
Q

what forms the floor of the abdominal cavity?

A

the pelvic diaphragm

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10
Q

what are the superficial branches of the nerves in the abdo cavity?

A

iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
subcostal

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11
Q

at what vertebral level does the aorta pass into the abdo cavity?

A

T7

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12
Q

at what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

A

T4

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13
Q

at what vertebral level does the IVC pass through the caval opening of the diaphragm?

A

T8

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14
Q

what are the dimensions of the spleen?

A

~10cm long, 7cm wide and 3-4cm thick

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15
Q

where does the spleen lie?

A

on the L side posterior to ribs 9-11 near the midaxillary line

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16
Q

is the spleen normally palpable?

A

no

can have splenomegaly in certain conditions such as following infection and in haemophilia

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17
Q

what are the 2 function of the spleen?

A

recycle old RBCs
store platelets and WBCs

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18
Q

where does the liver lie?

A

it is a large organ that fills the right hypochondrium

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19
Q

what are the sizes of the lobes of the liver?

A

the right lobe is large and the left lobe is small

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20
Q

why is it difficult to palpate the liver?

A

because it is covered by the ribs

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21
Q

what is the shape of the gall bladder?

A

it is a small sac lie structure that is ~3cm in diameter

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22
Q

where does the gall bladder lie?

A

at midclavicular line on the right at 9th costal cartilage

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23
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder?

A

to store and concentrate bile

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24
Q

describe the variation in the shape and size of the stomach

A

varies between individuals and depending on whether it is full

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25
Q

why can the stomach not be palpated when it is empty?

A

because it lies behind the rib cage

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26
Q

where can the stomach be palpated with it is full?

A

on the left side below the costal margin

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27
Q

what are the 2 fixed positions of the stomach?

A

cardiac orifice
pyloric orifice

28
Q

where does the cardiac orifice of the stomach lie?

A

along the 7th costal cartilage 2.5cm to the left of the midline

29
Q

where does the pyloric orifice lie?

A

on the transpyloric plane 1.5cm to the right of the midline

30
Q

what is the length of the duodenum?

A

approx 25cm

31
Q

where does the duodenum lie?

A

between the pyloric valve and the jejunum

32
Q

in what part of the duodenum is the ampulla of vater located?

A

in the second part

33
Q

what are the dimensions of the pancreas?

A

~10cm long, 4 cm wide

34
Q

what is the head of the pancreas surrounded by?

A

the duodenum

35
Q

where does the body of the pancreas lie?

A

on the transpyloric plane

36
Q

where does the tail of the pancreas abut onto?

A

the hilum of the spleen

37
Q

is the pancreas normally palpable?

A

no

38
Q

what is the large vein forms posterior to the pancreas?

A

the portal vein

39
Q

where in relation to the splenic artery does the pancreas lie?

A

inferior to the splenic artery

40
Q

what is the length of the small intestine?

A

~8cm long

41
Q

what is the small intestine attached to?

A

mesentery

42
Q

where does the jejunum begin?

A

at L2 just left of the midline

43
Q

what is the major blood supply to the small intestine

A

the superior mesenteric artery

44
Q

where does the caecum lie?

A

in the right iliac region

45
Q

where does the appendix lie?

A

in the midclavicular line 1.5cm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine

46
Q

are the cacecum and appendix normally palpable?

A

no

47
Q

where is pain from the appendix normally referred to and where does it migrate to?

A

referred to the umbilical region and referred to the R inguinal region

48
Q

where does the ascending colon pass from / to?

A

passes from the caecum in the right iliac fossa upwards to the level of the transpyloric plane

49
Q

what does the ascending colon form at the transpyloric plane?

A

the hepatic flexure

50
Q

where does the transverse colon form the splenic flexure?

A

just above the transpyloric plane

51
Q

where does the descending colon pass from / to?

A

passes down from the splenic flexure into the inguinal region

52
Q

where does the descending colon become the sigmoid colon?

A

at the inguinal region

53
Q

describe the shape / course of the sigmoid colon?

A

it forms an S shape as it passes backwards and down the sacrum to form the rectum

54
Q

where does the rectum extend from / to?

A

extends from the sacrum to the pelvic floor

55
Q

what does the rectum form at the pelvic floor?

A

the anal canal

56
Q

is the large intestine palpable?

A

no

57
Q

describe the location of the kidneys

A

the kidneys are retroperitoneal structures lying on the posterior wall of the abdo cavity

58
Q

what rib protects the R kidney

A

rib 12

59
Q

what ribs protect the L kidney

A

rib 11 and 12

60
Q

why does the R kidney sit lower than the L kidney?

A

because the liver is in the way on the right

61
Q

what are the dimensions of the kidneys?

A

each kidney is ~11cm long, 6cm wide and 3cm thick

62
Q

what vertebral level does the hilum of the kidney sit at?

A

L1

63
Q

where in relation to the midline does the renal hilum lie?

A

~3cm away from the midline

64
Q

where does the bladder normally lie?

A

behind the bodies of the pubic bones

65
Q

as the bladder fills where does it rise to?

A

approx 3cm above the pubic bones

66
Q

where can a full bladder be palpated?

A

just superior to the pubic symphysis

anatomy of the individual (7 decks)

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