Abdomen Exam Flashcards by AE G

what organs are part of the retroperitoneal space

kidneys
ureters
adrenal glands
aorta
caudal vena cava
some LN

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differentials for retroperitoneal fluid

hemorrhage (trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia)
urine leakage
AKI
foreign body abscess

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why might you see gas in the retroperitoneal space?

cranial connection to mediastinum of thorax & caudal connection to intrapelvic region

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significance of mineralization in cat adrenal glands? dogs?

cats - insignificant
dogs - benign adenoma or primary malignant neoplasia

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what are you comparing the size of kidneys to when measuring?

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bilateral enlarged kidney ddx

renal lymphoma
FIP
hydronephrosis
AKI
congenital PSS
metastatic neoplasia
polycystic kidney disease

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unilateral enlarged kidney ddx

hydronephrosis
compensatory hypertrophy
primary renal tumor
renal cysts
metastatic neoplasia

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bilateral small kidney ddx

CKD
renal dysplasia/hypoplasia

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unilateral small kidney ddx

CKD
atrophy secondary to chronic obstruction

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causes of cranial displacement of the bladder

prostatomegaly

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causes of caudal displacement of the bladder

perineal hernia
mid-abdominal mass

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causes for lack of visualization of the bladder with normal peritoneal detail

small bladder
pelvic bladder (dog)
herniated
ectopic ureters

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causes for lack of visualization of the bladder with poor peritoneal detail

young or under conditioned
peritoneal effusion (CHF or ruptured bladder)

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causes of emphysematous cystitis

diabetes mellitus
corticosteroids
chronic UTI
gas-producing bacteria

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what are the most common uroliths?

struvite & calcium oxalate

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what view can you do to help see uroliths?

paddle shot

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3 portions of male urethra

prostatic
membranous
penile

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what is the purpose of a ‘butt shot’

to better see male urethra, esp uretholiths

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when should you do a cystourethrogram?

rupture or stricture of lower urinary tract

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what ddx would you have for small gas bubbles present in hepatic parenchyma?

abscess or necrotic tumor

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how is the gastric axis displaced with hepatomegaly? microhepatic?

hepatomegaly - displaces gastric acid caudally

microhepatic - displaces gastric acid cranially

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dxx for microhepatia

chronic liver dz
cirrhosis
PSS

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ddx for enlarged/abnormal prostate?

prostatic neoplasia
BPH
prostatitis
prostatic abscess

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if the prostate has mineralization what might you be concerned about

prostatic carcinoma
chronic prostatitis

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if you have a male dog that was neutered as a puppy and you see an enlarged prostate with mineralization, what might you be concerned about?

neoplasia

which prostatic abnormality is found in both neutered and intact male dogs

prostatic neoplasia

severe enlargement of the prostate can be indicative of what?

BPH prostatic abscess paraprostatic cyst

ddx for enlarged and abnormal uterus

pyometra mucometra hydrometra

what day of gestation is early mineralization present?

~ 43-45 dog ~ 38 cat

what day of gestation can spines and skulls be counted?

~50 days

what day of gestation can tooth buds and bones of paws be counted?

last days of gestation ~65 days

ddx for gravid uterus

dystocia fetal demise

radiographs are best at assessing _____ factors causing dystocia

fetal factors

when do changes occur to see fetal demise?

24 hours after fetal demise

if you see the tail of the spleen on a lateral of a cat should you be concerned?

yes

ddx for generalized splenomegaly

sedation/anesthesia systemic dz splenic torsion neoplasia (lymphoma)

ddx for focal splenomegaly

neoplasia extramedullary hematopoiesis hematoma

cause of increased opacity of peritoneal cavity?

peritoneal effusion

cause of decreased opacity of peritoneal cavity?

free gas

ddx for free gas in peritoneal cavity

iatrogenic (post sx) rupture penetrating wound - always warrants surgical exploration

what is the most hyperechoic abdominal organ

spleen

most common ddx for a solid nodule/mass in the kidney

neoplasia

what would you suspect if a kidney had decreased corticomedullary distinction, possibly a hyperechoic medulla, decreased sized, focal mineralization

CKD

what are the indications for contrast media use in esophageal imaging?

dysphagia regurg gagging retching foreign bodies strictures vascular ring anomalies dysmotility

where is the most common place for transient aerophagia?

heart base

when is barium contraindicated for esophagram

if perforation is suspected or if going to endoscopy

when would you use iodinated media for an esophagram? what type?

if perforation suspected or if scoping non-ionic

what is a secondary finding seen with megaesophagus

aspiration pneumonia

ddx for congenital canine esophageal dilation

idiopathic juvenile megaesophagus (great danes) vascular ring anomalies (persistent right aortic arch) idiopathic

ddx for acquired canine esophageal dilation

**myasthenia gravis** paraneoplastic (thymoma) Addisons Pb toxicity polymyositis/polyneuritis CNS disease chest trauma tetanus autoimmune **foreign bodies** **strictures**

predilection sites for esophageal foreign body

thoracic inlet heart base esophageal hiatus

ddx for feline esophageal dilation

vascular ring anomalies esophageal strictures from doxycycline idiopathic

key finding of persistent right aortic arch causing esophageal dilation

focal left ward deviation of trachea also see cranial dilation

if suspected GDV what lateral would you want to do first?

right lateral

what is a gravel sign indicative of

pyloric outflow obstruction

when might you see a "string sign"

pyloric stenosis

normal size of dog small intestine

<1.6x the height of L5

normal size of cat small intestine

12 mm

difference between functional and mechanical ileus

functional - peristalsis ceases, consistent diameter in loops mechanical - obstruction, non-uniform distension, 2 distinct populations of larger diameters

focal mild distension of SI ddx

enteritis peritonitis acute/partial obstruction early functional ileus

focal severe distension of SI ddx

mechanical obstruction (FB, intussusception, stricture, neoplasia)

general mild distension of SI ddx

enteritis pain electrolyte imbalance/hypokalemia drugs

general severe distension of SI ddx

uniform - mesenteric torsion non-uniform - intestinal volvulus or obstruction of distal bowel

what is the normal size of the colon?

<1.5x length of L5

when might a pneumocolonogram be helpful

differentiate between SI and LI

what is suggestive of a very large, hypoechoic and/or heterogenous LN

neoplasia

what is suggestive of normal echogenicity, mild/moderate enlarged LN

reactive

normal size kidneys in cats (cm)

3-4.4. cm 2.5-3x length of L2