Abdomen 4: (Complete) WATCH BATES Flashcards
What 10 things should be considered on intiial apraisal of the patient before physical examination?
General appearance
Gait and posture
Facial appearance/expression and speech
Jaundice - sclera, skin
Cyanosis- skin, mucosa, tongue, lips
Pallor- in anaemia – mucosa of tongue, sclera
Hair – distribution
Body habitus
Hydration - sunken eyes, dry mucosa, skin turgidity
Hands – tremors, joint distortion, nails, clubbing
What are the standard principles of a physical examination of the abdomen?
Exposure (top off)
Position (Ideally supine)
Inspection
Auscultation (Bowel sounds)
Palpation
Percussion
For each part of the male urethra, state its length
Pre-prostatic part of urethra: 1.5cm
Prostatic part of urethra: 2.5cm
Membranous part of urethra: 2cm
Spongy part urethra: 15cm
When placing a catheter through the male urethra, which areas of the urethra create narrowing obstruction difficulties when navigating the cadaver?
External urethral orifice
1st bend of the urethra (spongious to membranous)
Prostatic part if urethra
The perineum is a diamond shaped area located between which 4 anatomical regions?
Pubic symphysis
Coccyx
Left and right ischial tuberosities
What are the 2 main dividions of the perineal area?
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
How can you differentiate between an inguinal and femoral hernia?
Femoral hernia will lie below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
inguinal will be above and medial to pubic tubercle
How can you differentiate between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?
Direct inguinal hernia located close to external iguinal ring close to the pubic tubercle.
A indirect hernia lies above and close to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament (at the internal iguinal ring) (Can also enter the scrotum)
What condition of the prostate gland is a common cause of urethral obstructon?
Benign hypertrophy of the prostate (BHP)
AKA Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
What clinical examination can be used to investigate whether a patient has bening porstatic hyperplasia?
Digital rectal examination
Which portions of the prostate can be palpated upon a digital rectal exmaination?
Lateral lobes of the prostate
(The anterior lobe cannot be palpated)
What are the 4 main components of the uterus
Fundus
Body
Lower segment
Cervix
The cervical canal has a lining of which type of epithelial cells?
mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium
The vaginal surface (of cervix) has a lining of which type of epthelium?
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
Cell samples from what area is taken during a cerival smear test?
The vaginal surface (of cervix)
List 5 structures that can be palpated through a digital examination of the vagina
Cervix
Ischial spine
Sacral promontory
Uterine artery pulse (lateral fornix)
Ovary
The cervix and the vagina form an angle of around?
90 degrees
Is the body of the uterus antiflexed or anteverted on the cervix?
Antiflexed
Is the cervix antiflexed or anteverted on the vagina?
Antiverted
The vagina is a fibromuscular canal of what length?
7-9cm
Which fornix of the vagina is important clinically?
Posterior fornix of vagina
What muscle is this?
Corupus spongiosum
The greater and lesser vestibular glands open into?
The vaginal vestibule
The paraurethral gland (aka skeene’s gland) opens into?
The urethral lumen
What is the avergae length of the female urethra?
4 cm
The vaginal wall does not contain any mucous glands. The wall is therefore kept moist by?
Transudation
A yellowish vaginal discharge suggests?
Mucopurulent cervitis
List 3 common causes of micropurulent cervicitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chalmydia trichomatis
Herpes simplex
What are the 3 main causes of vaginal discharges?
Candida
Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomonis vaginalis
The opening of the cervix is known as?
The cervical os
Memorise
