Abbreviations Flashcards
1
Q
123I
A
Isotope of radioactive iodine - used in standard scans and thyroid scans
2
Q
131I
A
Isotope of radioactive iodine
3
Q
18F-FDG
A
Fluorodeoxyglucose is a positron emmiting radiotracer used with PET to dx and monitor various conditions
Full marks:
to detect metabolically active malignant lesions including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer and multiple myeloma
4
Q
201Tl
A
Thallium-201 used in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and parathyroid hyperactivity
5
Q
99TC
A
Radioactive technetium -
Used in bone scans (attached to phosphate) and cardolite scans (tracing wall of heart? Look into what means)
concentrates in the thyroid gland and the gastrointestinal tract. However, the body constantly gets rid of Tc-99 in feces. As with any other radioactive material, there is an increased chance that cancer or other adverse health effects can result from exposure to
The Tc-99m used in medical diagnostics has a short, six-hour half-life and does not remain in the body.
6
Q
a.c., ac
A
Before meals
7
Q
A1C
A
Blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control. Shows average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months
8
Q
ACE
A
Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system, which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
9
Q
ACTH
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroids.
Secreted by adenohypophysis
10
Q
ad lib
A
Freely, as desired
11
Q
ADH
A
Antidiuretic hormone – vasopressin
12
Q
AFP
A
Alpha-fetoprotein usually made by yolk sack, intestines and liver of developing fetus. AFP levels go down after birth, so a test for levels of AFP in blood can detect certain types of cancers or indicate a problem with the liver.
13
Q
Angio
A
Angiography
14
Q
AP
A
Anteroposterior - posterior portion closer to detector. Figure out what used for.
15
Q
APAP
A
Acetaminophen used to relieve mild to moderate pain from headaches, muscle aches, menstrual periods, colds and sore throats, toothaches, backaches, reactions to vaccinations (shots), and to reduce fever.
16
Q
ARB
A
Angiotensin II receptor blocker - used to treat high blood pressure…. By blocking angiotensin II …. Duh
17
Q
ATRA
A
All-transretinoic acid oral administration of ATRA is the first choice treatment in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) in adults and NeuroBlastoma (NB) in children.
Full marks:
All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is the most active metabolite of vitamin A. It is critically involved in the regulation of multiple processes, such as cell differentiation and apoptosis, by activating specific genomic pathways or by influencing key signaling proteins .
Double bonus: also for acne, weird huh?
18
Q
b.i.d., bid
A
Two times a day
19
Q
Ba
A
Barium
20
Q
BE
A
Barium enema is an X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon). The procedure is also called a colon X-ray.
21
Q
BMT
A
Bone marrow transplantation - also know as a SCT (stem cell transplant) allows doctors to give higher doses of treatment to cure Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
22
Q
BCR
A
breakpoint cluster region - involved in the BCR-ABL fusion associated with certain leukemias
23
Q
bx
A
Biopsy
24
Q
c-
A
With
25
CA
Cancer
26
Ca+
Calcium
27
Caps
Capsules
28
Cc
Cubic centimeter
29
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen a protein normally found in very low levels in the blood of adults. The CEA blood level may be increased in certain types of cancer and non-cancerous (benign) conditions. A CEA test is most commonly used for colorectal cancer.
30
CGMS
Continuous glucose monitoring system - a device to automatically estimate your blood glucose level, also called blood sugar, throughout the day and night. You can see what your blood glucose level is at any time. You can also review how your blood glucose level changes over a few hours or days and spot trends.
31
cGy
Centigray (one hundredth of a gray) or rad
32
chemo
Chemotherapy
33
CR
Complete response – disappearance of all tumor
34
CSF
Colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) A substance that stimulates the bone marrow to develop granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). Granulocytes help defend the body against bacteria, viruses and types of fungus. G-CSF is a cytokine found naturally in the body
35
C-spine
Cervical spine films
36
CT
Computed tomography
37
CXR
Chest x-ray (film)
38
Decub
Decubitus – lying down
39
DES
Diethylstilbestrol - synthetic form of estrogen. Prenatal exposure linked to cervical cancer called clear cell cancer
40
DI
Diagnostic imaging
41
DI
Diabetes insipidus
42
DICOM
Digital image communication in medicine
43
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body can't produce enough insulin to process sugar. Without insulin, the body breaks down fat for fuel, creating ketones that can build up in the blood and make it acidic. Early symptoms include: High blood sugar** Frequent urination** Extreme thirst** Dry mouth** High levels of ketones in the urine** If left untreated, DKA can lead to coma or death.
44
DM
Diabetes mellitus
45
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
46
DSA
Digital subtraction angiography Provides an image of the blood vessels in the brain to detect a problem with blood flow. The procedure involves inserting a catheter (a small, thin tube) into an artery in the leg and passing it up to the blood vessels in the brain. A contrast dye is injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken of the blood vessels.
47
ECHO
Echocardiography
48
EGFR
Epidermal growth factor receptor - regulates epithelial tissue development and homeostasis. In pathological settings, mostly in lung and breast cancer and in glioblastoma, the EGFR is a driver of tumorigenesis.
49
EPO
Erythropoietin - hormone produced in the kidneys that regulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow
50
ER
Estrogen receptor
51
EUS
Endoscopic ultrasonography
52
FBG
Fasting blood glucose - new term for FPG
53
FBS
Fasting blood sugar
54
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
55
FNA
Fine needle aspiration
56
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
57
Ga
Gallium
58
Gd
Gadolinium
59
GH
Growth hormone
60
GIST
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - rare cancers that develop in the digestive tract wall, originating in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). ICCs are sometimes called the GI tract's "pacemakers" because they signal muscles to contract and move food and liquid. GISTs can be benign or malignant, and are different from more common GI tract cancers like stomach or colon cancer
61
gm, g
Gram
62
gtt
Drops
63
GTT
Glucose tolerance test
64
Gy
Gray
65
h
Hour
66
H & E
Hematoxylin and eosin - hematoxylin principally colours the nuclei dark purple or blue. Eosin stains cytoplasm and other structures pink
67
h.s., hs
At bedtime
68
H2 blocker
Histamine h2 receptor antagonist - suppress stomach acid production
69
HbA1c
Test for the presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin; also called AIC
70
hCG or HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
- produced by placenta
- helps thicken uterine lining
- tells body to stop menstruation
- low levels may test for ectopic pregnancy
71
HER2-neu
Growth factor gene highly activated on certain types of breast cancer
72
HNPCC
Hereditary non-polyposis - lynch syndrome. A term to describe families with a strong history of colon cancer
73
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy
74
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor - a hormone whose main job is to manage the effects of growth hormone. Pituitary can cause you to make too much of it.
75
IGRT
Intensity-modulated gated radiation therapy
- high-quality images are taken before each rt session.
- - The images used to increase accuracy and precision
- - - increased accuracy may allow for higher doses
- - - - higher doses may increase effectiveness and shorten treatment schedules
- - - increased accuracy may reduce damage to healthy tissues
- standard of care for RT.
- used to treat all types of cancer. - sometimes used to control tumors that aren't cancerous
76
IHC
Immunohistochemistry
uses antibodies to detect antigens in a tissue sample. may be used to check for signs of disease following a biopsy. IHC is commonly used to diagnose cancer, predict treatment response and determine likely outcomes (prognosis) of the disease.
77
IM
Intramuscular
78
IMRT
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
With IMRT, the beams of radiation are carefully customized. The beams are shaped to match the shape of the cancer. The beams can move through an arc while they deliver the radiation. The intensity of each beam can be varied. The result is a precisely controlled radiation treatment. IMRT delivers the correct radiation dose as safely and efficiently as possible.
79
INH
Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
used to treat tuberculosis (TB) or prevent its return (reactivation). It may be given alone, or in combination with other medicines, to treat TB or to prevent its return (reactivation)
80
IORT
Intraoperative radiation therapy
81
IV
Intravenous
82
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram an imaging test that uses a type of dye ( contrast medium) called radiopaque iodine and x-rays to produce images of the urinary tract (kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra). The dye collects in the urine (pee). The x-rays show the size, shape and position of the urinary tract and if there is a mass or stone blocking it. The IVP also shows how well the kidneys work and how well the bladder empties.
83
K
Potassium
84
KUB
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (series) - may be the first diagnostic procedure used to assess the urinary system.
85
LAT
Lateral
86
LH
Luteinizing hormone -stimulates ovulation in the female and the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and the female.
Secreted by adenohypophysis
87
LS films
Lumbosacral (spine) films - an xray of the small bones (vertebrae) in the lower part of the spine. This area includes the lumbar region and the sacrum, the area that connects the spine to the pelvis.
88
L-spine
Lumbar spine
89
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor - a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B. They are best known as effective antidepressants, especially for treatment-resistant depression and atypical depression.
90
MDCT
Multidetector CT scanner - A form of CT technology with a 2-D detector that produces multiple, thinner slices in a single rotation and a shorter period of time.
91
MDI
Multiple daily injection
92
Mets
Metastases
93
mg
Milligram
94
ml, mL
Milliliter
95
MoAb
Monoclonal antibody - (antibody) proteins made in a laboratory meant to stimulate your immune system and target specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies treatments are given mainly as IV solutions, often in an infusion center. Can be used in treatment or assessment of disease.
96
MR, MRI
Magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging
97
MRA
Magnetic resonance angiography - a type of MRI that looks specifically at the body’s blood vessels.
In some cases, a contrast, may be added to your bloodstream to make your blood vessels easier to see. When needed, the contrast is given with an intravenous (IV) needle.
98
MRV
Magnetic resonance venography - uses magnetic resonance technology and intravenous (IV) contrast dye to visualize the veins. Contrast dye causes the blood vessels to appear opaque on the X-ray image, allowing the physician to visualize the blood vessels being evaluated. MRV is useful in some cases because it can help detect causes of leg pain other than vein problems.
99
MUGA
Multiple-gated acquisitions (scan) - a nuclear medicine imaging test that checks how well the heart is pumping during rest or exercise. A MUGA scan uses a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) that targets the heart, along with a gamma camera and a computer, to create images of the blood flowing through the heart.
A MUGA scan is also called nuclear ventriculography, radionuclide angiography or cardiac blood pool scan.
May be used to follow up after cancer treatment and track the side effects of certain kinds of chemotherapy
100
Na
Sodium
101
NED
No evidence of disease
102
NF
Neurofirbromatosis - a group of genetic conditions involving the development of tumors that may affect the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that send signals between the brain and spinal cord and all other parts of the body. Most tumors are non-cancerous (benign), although some may become cancerous (malignant).
103
NHL
Non–Hodgkin lymphoma
104
NPO
Nothing by mouth
105
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - can reduce pain, fever and other types of inflammation. Common over-the-counter NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen sodium
106
NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer - the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 80–85% of all cases. It's named for the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope. NSCLC usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer, and is less aggressive.
107
OT, OXT
Oxytocin - Stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk.
Secreted by Neurohypophysis
Produced by hypothalamus
108
p-
After
109
p.c., pc
After meals
110
p.r.n., prn
As needed, as necessary - "pro re nata"
111
PA
Posteroanterior - back to front, beams pass through back go to front, general way for CXR
112
PACS
Picture archival and communications system
113
Pap smear
Papanicolaou smear - procedure that involves collecting cells from the cervix for testing. It also is called a Pap test. Healthcare professionals sometimes call it cervical cytology.
114
PCA
Patient-controlled analgesia - allows Pt to self-deliver small doses of pain medications through a machine. Medications used in the PCA pump are opioid pain medications such as morphine or hydromorphone (dilaudid). The PCA pump attaches to the IV (intravenous) line
115
PD
Progressive disease – tumor increases in size
116
PDR
Physicians’ Desk Reference - collection of written and pictorial information regarding meds that is provided and paid for by pharmaceutical manufacturers
117
PET
Positron emission tomography - an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs. The PET scan uses a radioactive drug called a tracer to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity. A PET scan can often detect the atypical metabolism of the tracer in diseases before the disease shows up on other imaging tests, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
118
PET/CT
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography - does both, using contrast medium and tracer to get more precise metabolic information.
119
PO, p.o. po
By mouth
120
PR
Partial response – tumor one half its original size
121
PRL
prolactin - Stimulates milk production in the breast.
Secreted by adenohypophysis
122
prot
Protocol - specific plan of treatment
123
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen - higher levels of PSA in the blood can be caused by prostate cancer, among other things. PSA test used to check for prostate cancer
124
PSCT
Peripheral stem cell transplantation - procedure in which a patient receives healthy blood-forming cells (stem cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by disease or by the radiation or high doses of anticancer drugs that are given as part of the procedure.
125
PSRS
Proton stereotactic radiosurgery - a highly sophisticated form of radiosurgery. The beam of proton radiation can be very precisely aimed at a tumor with little harm to the surrounding healthy tissues. Traditional radiosurgery using x-ray or gamma radiation can be highly effective for small, spherical lesions.
126
Pt
Patient
127
PTH
Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) - PTH increases calcium by releasing from the bone, which results in calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and the digestive system. PTH is inhibited by high levels of calcium
128
q
Every
129
q.h., qh
Every hour
130
q.i.d., qid
Four times a day
131
q.s.,qs
Sufficient quantity
132
q2h
Every 2 hours
133
qAM
Every morning
134
qPM
Every evening
135
RAI
Radioactive iodine - used for hyperthyroidism and certain thyroid cancers. Iodine taken up by thyroid and destroyed, other tissues left relatively unharmed.
136
RAIU
Radioactive iodine uptake (test) - the test version, less iodine (I123 or I131used as it's for scanning. ) they measure thyroid gy with gamma probe then you come back (6-24 hours) and they measure again.
137
RAIU
Radioactive iodine uptake (imaging test or scan)
138
RFA
Radiofrequency ablation - uses radiowaves to destroy tissue. For pain management, radio waves are sent through a precisely placed needle to heat an area of the nerve. This prevents pain signals from being sent back to your brain. Can be used to treat cancer pain
139
RIA
Radioimmunoassay - Radioimmunoassay is one of the sensitive immunoassay techniques which helps in the determination of antigens or antibodies in a sample with the use of radioisotopes.
It is an in vitro type of antigen-antibody interaction.
When radioisotopes instead of enzymes are used as labels to be conjugated with antigens or antibodies, the technique of detection of the antigen-antibody complex is called radioimmunoassay (RIA). Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro assay that measures the presence of an antigen with very high sensitivity
140
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
141
RT
Radiation therapy
142
Rx
Prescription
143
s-
Without
144
s.o.s.
If it is necessary
145
SBFT
Small bowel follow-through - an x-ray examination of the small intestine
146
SD
Stable disease – tumor does not shrink or grow
147
SERM
Selective estrogen receptor modulator - may help prevent certain types of breast cancer. Healthcare providers also prescribe selective estrogen receptor modulators to treat some breast cancers and osteoporosis.
148
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone - Oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis leading to severe hyponatremia and the inability to excrete diluted urine.
149
Sig.
Directions – how to take medication
150
SL
Sublingual
151
SMBG
Self-monitoring of blood glucose - when a Pt checks their own levels with a blood glucose meter. SMBG is the optimal way to confirm and appropriately treat hypoglycemia
152
SPECT
Singe photon emission computed tomography - a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera, but is able to provide true 3D information
153
SQ
Subcutaneous
154
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.
155
STH
Somatotropin – growth hormone - Stimulates growth of long bones and skeletal muscle; converts proteins to glucose.
Secreted by adenohypophysis
156
t.i.d.,tid
Three times daily
157
T3
Triiodothyronine - "Active form of T4 - Regulating the rate at which your body uses calories (energy) Slowing down or speeding up your heart rate. Raising or lowering your body temperature. Influencing the speed at which food moves through your digestive tract. Affecting brain development. Controlling the way your muscles contract. Managing skin and bone maintenance by controlling the rate at which your body replaces dying cells (a normal process)."
158
T4
Thyroxine – tetraiodothyronine
159
tab
Tablet
160
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressant - Tricyclic antidepressants are among the earliest antidepressants developed. They're effective, but they've generally been replaced by antidepressants that cause fewer side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants may be a good option for some people. In certain cases, they ease depression when other treatments have failed.
161
TFT
Thyroid function test
162
TNM
Tumor, nodes, metastases -
In the TNM system
The T refers to the size and extent of the main tumor. The main tumor is usually called the primary tumor.
TX: Main tumor cannot be measured.
T0: Main tumor cannot be found.
T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T's may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
The N refers to the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer.
NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.
N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
The M refers to whether the cancer has metastasized. This means that the cancer has spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.
MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.
M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
163
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone - Stimulates thyroid to release two other thyroid hormones.
Released by adenohypophysis
164
T-spine
Thoracic spine
165
UGI
Upper gastrointestinal (series) - The esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
166
US, U/S
Ultrasound; ultrasonography
167
V/Q scan
Ventilation-perfusion scan of the lungs
Performed in two parts, one right after another on the same day. For the first part (ventilation), they’ll have you breathe in a small amount of radioactive particles (tracer). uses a gamma camera — to take pictures of your lungs. The bright tags of the tracer make the air flowing into your lungs show up on the images.
second part (perfusion), uses an injection of a similar tracer. This time, the bright tags flow through your blood vessels. They’ll use the same camera to get pictures of the blood flow in your lungs.
168
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor - potent angiogenic factor and was first described as an essential growth factor for vascular endothelial cells. VEGF is up-regulated in many tumors and its contribution to tumor angiogenesis is well defined. In addition to endothelial cells, VEGF and VEGF receptors are expressed on numerous non-endothelial cells including tumor cells.
169
XRT, RT
Radiation therapy
170
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