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Infect & Immune 2 MW, NJH & AB > AB L2 Helminths > Flashcards

AB L2 Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

What are helminths?

A

Multicellular, with differentiated organs

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2
Q

Do helminths have a circulatory tract?

A

No

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3
Q

Size?

A

<1nm - 10m

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4
Q

Anterior end has…

A

suckers, hooks or plates for attachment

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5
Q

Where do helminths replicate?

A

Usually free or in another host, they don’t live their whole lives in humans

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6
Q

Why is is difficult for the immune system to eradicate them? (2)

A

Have a tough cuticle

Some camouflage by coating with host molecules (e.g. roundworms)

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7
Q

Parasitic helminths feed on…. (2)

A

Body fluids or intestinal contents

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8
Q

WHO status of helminths:

A

Many are neglected tropical diseases

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9
Q

Mainly found in what populations?

A

Rural villages/overcrowed cities

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10
Q

Symptoms include….

A

malnutrition affecting physical and mental development

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11
Q

Apary from health why else are helminths an issue?

A

economic cost - e.g. infected cattle

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12
Q

Main classes of helminths

A

Nematodes (roundworms)
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)

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13
Q

What to nematodes (roundworms) look like?

A

cylindrical body - no shit.

have alimentary canal - food comes in one side and out the other

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14
Q

What do cestodes look like?

A

flat, ribbon shape

no digestive tract, nutrients absorbed through the cuticle

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15
Q

What do trematodes look like?

A

leaf-shaped

blind-branched alimentary tract (in one end, out the same end)

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16
Q

4 e.g. of intestinal nematodes

A

large roundworm
threadworm
hookworm
whipworm

17
Q

Most intestinal nematodes are transmitted via …

A

fecal-oral route

although hookworm larvae penetrate the skin

18
Q

Symptoms of intestinal nematodes

A

anal itching, slow growth, anaemia

19
Q

Another name for roundworm

A

Ascariasis - may creep out of any orifice

20
Q

Problems caused by roundworm?

A

migration of larvae the most common cause of morbidity
blockage of intestines
migration to other organs

21
Q

Life cycle of roundworm

- learn!

A 
produce 20000 eggs/day excreted in feces
mature in soil (3 weeks)
ingested
hatch and penetrate wall
enter lymph/blood
carried to liver, heart, lungs - further development
coughing brings up adult
22
Q

blood and tissue nematodes are called….

A

filariae

23
Q

where are filarie found? - how transmitted?

A

blood and lymph, adults discharge larvae that circulate in the blood.
Ingested by insects where the develop into infective larvae.

24
Q

3 e.g. of blood/tissue nematodes?

A

river-blindness
elephantitis
loiasis (inflammation of skin and eye)

25
Q

Cestodes can live for ….

A

decades

26
Q

How are cestodes transmitted?

A

Ingesting a cist in undercooked meat

27
Q

When do cestodes get dangerous?

A

Ingestion of egg means larval stages will invade tissue (muscle/brain)
If they stay in the lumen of the gut symptoms are minor

28
Q

Trematodes live…. and cause damage to…

A

Live for decades in blood vessels or tissue

progressive organ damage

29
Q

What do trematodes use as an intermediate host?

A

Snails

30
Q

How do you catch yourself a trematode?

A

eat infected crab/fish

31
Q

2nd greatest economic impact of a parasitic disease

A

schistosomiasis (snail fever)

32
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

contaminated water (eggs excreted in urine or feces)

33
Q

Symptoms of schistosomiasis

A

swimmers itch

2 months later: fever, chills, cough, muscle ache

34
Q

How does schistosomiasis damage?

A

eggs stick to tissue and damage is due to immune response - scarring of tissues, lead to bladder cancer

35
Q

schistosomiasis life-cyle

A

Free living larvae in water, infect snail
In snail the develop swimming tail
Penetrate human host
Migrate through body - final destination dependent on species (bladder, intestine)

36
Q

How to diagnose nematodes/cestodes?

A

Feces sample or just coughing/vomming it up

37
Q

How to diagnose schistosomiasis?

A

Eggs in feces or urine sample.

38
Q

How to diagnose tissue nematode?

A

Difficult to diagnose adults in tissue

Look at microfilariae in blood

Infect & Immune 2 MW, NJH & AB (12 decks)

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