AB L1 Protazoa

Question 1

Protozoa are….

Answer 1

Diverse group of single celled ‘animal like’ eukaryotes

Question 2

Protozoa are pro/Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

Size of protozoa

Answer 3

2-100 microm

Question 4

Protozoa are mostly fee-living or pathogens?

Answer 4

Mostly free living. Some are pathogens.

Question 5

Where are protozoa most prevalent?

Answer 5

(sub)tropical regions

Question 6

Protozoa act as intra or extracellular parasites?

Answer 6

Intracellular in the cells

Extracellular parasites in the blood, intestine, urogenital system

Question 7

4 classifications of protozoa

Answer 7

Amoeba - move by pseudopodia
Flagellates - have flagella
Ciliates - have cilia (most not pathogenic)
Apicomplexa - have apical complex (all parasitic)

Question 8

Malaria is what type of protozoa?

Answer 8

Sporozoa

Question 9

Ways protozoa might spread

Answer 9

Insect-bourne, water-bourne

Question 10

Toxoplasma is spread by …. and infects what cells

Answer 10

Food
Macrophages
Usually asymptomatic but can cause proplems in HIV or pregnancy, such a still birth

Question 11

Malaria is caused by

Answer 11

Plasmodium

Question 12

Plasmodium initially affects …. then….

Answer 12

liver then RBC

Question 13

Why don’t we know much ab out numbers affected?

Answer 13

Rural areas, little reporting .

Most of these disease are on the neglected diseases list.

Question 14

Malaria is mainly found in ….

Most deaths are in….

Answer 14

Tropical areas of Africa, Asia & South America

Most deaths in Africa (90%)

Question 15

What population of the world is at risk of malaria?

Answer 15

40%

Question 16

4 species of malaria that infect humans

Answer 16

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

Question 17

Which malaria organism is the most common and most severe cause of malaria

Answer 17

P. falciparum

Question 18

Which malaria organism is the most common cause of malaria outside Africa?

Answer 18

P.vivax

Question 19

Which malaria organism is the least common and most moderate form?

Answer 19

P. malariae

Question 20

Transmission of malaria through….

Answer 20

female feeding mosquitoes (Anopheles sp.), injects saliva into the blood

Question 21

When malaria enters the body it….

Answer 21

multiplies in the liver (two weeks) - development of gametes, then infects RBCs

Question 22

Malaria parasites go through the reproductive phase in which organism?

Answer 22

the mosquito
(liver cell reupture, merozite released, asexual reproduction in the RBC, gametes taken up into mosquito and they fuse in it)

Question 23

(Uncomplicated) Symptoms of malaria

Answer 23

6-10h of

• cold stage (shivering)
• hot stage (fever)
• sweating stage

Also: headache, body ache, nausea, vomitting, weakness, enlarged spleen

Question 24

How could you tell the type of infection? (2)

Answer 24

Different timings of the temp cycles or expert looking at cells under a microscope

Question 25

Complicated symptoms with malaria (6)

Answer 25

``` Cerebral malaria - abnormal behaviour, seizure, coma Shock Anaemea (due to haemolysis) Pulmonary oedema Liver failure Spleen rupture ```

Question 26

What may cause spleen rupture?

Answer 26

RBC becomes sticky and proteins gets into the membrane, this prevents them being cleared up by the spleen.

Question 27

ABCD for travellers

Answer 27

Awareness of risk Bite prevention Chemoprophylaxis (there is usually but not always a drug without resistance possible) Diagnosis and treatment

Question 28

Drug of choice for areas with NO resistance (2)

Answer 28

Chloroquine OR Proguanil

Question 29

Drug of choice for areas with LITTLE resistance

Answer 29

Chloroquine AND Proguanil

Question 30

Drug of choice for areas with RESISTANCE

Answer 30

Mefloquinin Doxycyclin Atovaquone-proguanil (malerone)

Question 31

How to diagnose malaria?

Answer 31

- symptoms overlap with other diseases so... - blood smear - rapid detection tests - Others: PCR, antibody detection, MS (expensive and need expertise)

Question 32

Advantages/disadvantage of blood smear?

Answer 32

Cheap but labor intensive and requires expertise

Question 33

Advantages/disadvantage of rapid detection test?

Answer 33

Fast/can be used in the field BUT | limited sensitivity

Question 34

Rapid detection test detects.... (2)

Answer 34

antigens/enzymes

Question 35

Immunochromatograph tech (rapid detection test)

Answer 35

sample (blood+buffer) mixes with labelled detection antibody on strip, migrates through capillary action, dark line appears where high conc of antibody

Question 36

Labelling antibody made of (2)

Answer 36

gold or dye

Question 37

dectection strip made of

Answer 37

nitrocellulose

Question 38

there maybe extra lines on the rapid diagnostic test for...

Answer 38

control more sensitive to detect a low level different types of malaria

Question 39

Treatment of malaria divided by

Answer 39

P. falciparum or other

Question 40

Treatment of P.falciparumL (3)

Answer 40

- quinine followed by doxycycline or clindamycin - atovaquone-proguanil - arthemether-lumefantrine

Question 41

Treatment for other types of malaria

Answer 41

Chloroquinine followed by | primaquinine (for p vivaz and p ovale)

Question 42

Malaria may lay dormant for....

Answer 42

half a year

Question 43

Chinese herbal medicine that helps malaria

Answer 43

Artemisin-based combination therapy

Question 44

Good things about artimisin?

Answer 44

active against all 4 species | rapid parasite clearance/resolution of symptoms

Question 45

How does artemesin work?

Answer 45

acts on the blood stage so reduces gamete carriage and hence transmission

Question 46

disadvantage of artemsin

Answer 46

10x more expensive than other drugs

Question 47

Artemesin is extracted from

Answer 47

wormwood. there is little supply and some resistance too.

Question 48

Do we know how most antimalarials work? but we think ......... happens

Answer 48

no. | They prevent the polymerisation of haem and this free haem is toxic to the parasite

Question 49

Why is artemisin used in combination

Answer 49

short half life

Question 50

3 vaccine options

Answer 50

attenuated microbes - hard killed microbes - hard subunit vaccines - response not as good

Question 51

the problem with malaria vaccine (2)

Answer 51

difficult to grow enough pathogen for attenuation of killed vaccine. Also there are no good animal models

Question 52

is there natural immunity

Answer 52

yes but this hasn't told us much some antigens exhibit genetic polymorphism some antigens show temporal switching of expression (only expressed at one stage in the cycle)

Question 53

Most promiseing malaria vaccine is called

Answer 53

RTS,S (mosquirix) | Seems to work but waiting for results later this year

Question 54

What are the components of RTS,S (mosquirix)

Answer 54

Cicumsprozoite protein (cell surface protein) Central repeat domain and c terminal region (has the T cell epitope) Fuse to Hep B surface antigen Expressed with free Hep B surface antigen