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Infect & Immune 2 MW, NJH & AB > AB L1 Protazoa > Flashcards

AB L1 Protazoa Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa are….

A

Diverse group of single celled ‘animal like’ eukaryotes

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2
Q

Protozoa are pro/Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Size of protozoa

A

2-100 microm

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4
Q

Protozoa are mostly fee-living or pathogens?

A

Mostly free living. Some are pathogens.

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5
Q

Where are protozoa most prevalent?

A

(sub)tropical regions

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6
Q

Protozoa act as intra or extracellular parasites?

A

Intracellular in the cells

Extracellular parasites in the blood, intestine, urogenital system

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7
Q

4 classifications of protozoa

A

Amoeba - move by pseudopodia
Flagellates - have flagella
Ciliates - have cilia (most not pathogenic)
Apicomplexa - have apical complex (all parasitic)

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8
Q

Malaria is what type of protozoa?

A

Sporozoa

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9
Q

Ways protozoa might spread

A

Insect-bourne, water-bourne

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10
Q

Toxoplasma is spread by …. and infects what cells

A

Food
Macrophages
Usually asymptomatic but can cause proplems in HIV or pregnancy, such a still birth

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11
Q

Malaria is caused by

A

Plasmodium

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12
Q

Plasmodium initially affects …. then….

A

liver then RBC

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13
Q

Why don’t we know much ab out numbers affected?

A

Rural areas, little reporting .

Most of these disease are on the neglected diseases list.

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14
Q

Malaria is mainly found in ….

Most deaths are in….

A

Tropical areas of Africa, Asia & South America

Most deaths in Africa (90%)

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15
Q

What population of the world is at risk of malaria?

A

40%

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16
Q

4 species of malaria that infect humans

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

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17
Q

Which malaria organism is the most common and most severe cause of malaria

A

P. falciparum

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18
Q

Which malaria organism is the most common cause of malaria outside Africa?

A

P.vivax

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19
Q

Which malaria organism is the least common and most moderate form?

A

P. malariae

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20
Q

Transmission of malaria through….

A

female feeding mosquitoes (Anopheles sp.), injects saliva into the blood

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21
Q

When malaria enters the body it….

A

multiplies in the liver (two weeks) - development of gametes, then infects RBCs

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22
Q

Malaria parasites go through the reproductive phase in which organism?

A 
the mosquito
(liver cell reupture, merozite released, asexual reproduction in the RBC, gametes taken up into mosquito and they fuse in it)
23
Q

(Uncomplicated) Symptoms of malaria

A

6-10h of

  • cold stage (shivering)
  • hot stage (fever)
  • sweating stage

Also: headache, body ache, nausea, vomitting, weakness, enlarged spleen

24
Q

How could you tell the type of infection? (2)

A

Different timings of the temp cycles or expert looking at cells under a microscope

25
Q

Complicated symptoms with malaria (6)

A 
Cerebral malaria - abnormal behaviour, seizure, coma
Shock
Anaemea (due to haemolysis)
Pulmonary oedema
Liver failure
Spleen rupture
26
Q

What may cause spleen rupture?

A

RBC becomes sticky and proteins gets into the membrane, this prevents them being cleared up by the spleen.

27
Q

ABCD for travellers

A

Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis (there is usually but not always a drug without resistance possible)
Diagnosis and treatment

28
Q

Drug of choice for areas with NO resistance (2)

A

Chloroquine OR Proguanil

29
Q

Drug of choice for areas with LITTLE resistance

A

Chloroquine AND Proguanil

30
Q

Drug of choice for areas with RESISTANCE

A

Mefloquinin
Doxycyclin
Atovaquone-proguanil (malerone)

31
Q

How to diagnose malaria?

A
  • symptoms overlap with other diseases so…
  • blood smear
  • rapid detection tests
  • Others: PCR, antibody detection, MS (expensive and need expertise)
32
Q

Advantages/disadvantage of blood smear?

A

Cheap but labor intensive and requires expertise

33
Q

Advantages/disadvantage of rapid detection test?

A

Fast/can be used in the field BUT

limited sensitivity

34
Q

Rapid detection test detects…. (2)

A

antigens/enzymes

35
Q

Immunochromatograph tech (rapid detection test)

A

sample (blood+buffer) mixes with labelled detection antibody on strip,
migrates through capillary action,
dark line appears where high conc of antibody

36
Q

Labelling antibody made of (2)

A

gold or dye

37
Q

dectection strip made of

A

nitrocellulose

38
Q

there maybe extra lines on the rapid diagnostic test for…

A

control
more sensitive to detect a low level
different types of malaria

39
Q

Treatment of malaria divided by

A

P. falciparum or other

40
Q

Treatment of P.falciparumL (3)

A
  • quinine followed by doxycycline or clindamycin
  • atovaquone-proguanil
  • arthemether-lumefantrine
41
Q

Treatment for other types of malaria

A

Chloroquinine followed by

primaquinine (for p vivaz and p ovale)

42
Q

Malaria may lay dormant for….

A

half a year

43
Q

Chinese herbal medicine that helps malaria

A

Artemisin-based combination therapy

44
Q

Good things about artimisin?

A

active against all 4 species

rapid parasite clearance/resolution of symptoms

45
Q

How does artemesin work?

A

acts on the blood stage so reduces gamete carriage and hence transmission

46
Q

disadvantage of artemsin

A

10x more expensive than other drugs

47
Q

Artemesin is extracted from

A

wormwood. there is little supply and some resistance too.

48
Q

Do we know how most antimalarials work? but we think ……… happens

A

no.

They prevent the polymerisation of haem and this free haem is toxic to the parasite

49
Q

Why is artemisin used in combination

A

short half life

50
Q

3 vaccine options

A

attenuated microbes - hard
killed microbes - hard
subunit vaccines - response not as good

51
Q

the problem with malaria vaccine (2)

A

difficult to grow enough pathogen for attenuation of killed vaccine.
Also there are no good animal models

52
Q

is there natural immunity

A

yes but this hasn’t told us much
some antigens exhibit genetic polymorphism
some antigens show temporal switching of expression (only expressed at one stage in the cycle)

53
Q

Most promiseing malaria vaccine is called

A

RTS,S (mosquirix)

Seems to work but waiting for results later this year

54
Q

What are the components of RTS,S (mosquirix)

A

Cicumsprozoite protein (cell surface protein)
Central repeat domain and c terminal region (has the T cell epitope)
Fuse to Hep B surface antigen
Expressed with free Hep B surface antigen

Infect & Immune 2 MW, NJH & AB (12 decks)

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