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MCAT > AAMC FL 1: Chem/Phys > Flashcards

AAMC FL 1: Chem/Phys Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Reviewable content: On a developed chromatography, how do you calculate the Rf value?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 3
  • Content: 5C: Separation and Purification Methods
  • Skill: 4: Data- Based statistical reasoning
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study equation
A

Rf= (Distance traveled by compound in question) / (Distance solvent front traveled)

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2
Q
  • Reviewable content: Do tertiary alcohols readily dehydrate? Why?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 4
  • Content: 5C: Separation and Purification Methods
  • Skill: 4: Data- Based statistical reasoning
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

Yes, bc they support the formation of a carbocation

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3
Q
  • Reviewable content: Is dehydration stereospecific?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 4
  • Content: 5C: Separation and Purification Methods
  • Skill: 4: Data- Based statistical reasoning
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

NO: Bc of the carbocation intermediate in dehydration, the subsequent loss of a proton will lead to a mixture of the cis and trans alkenes

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4
Q
  • Reviewable content: What functional group represents a peptide bond?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 5
  • Content: 5C: Separation and Purification Methods
  • Skill: 1: Knowledge of Scientific Principles
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

Amide

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5
Q
  • Reviewable content: For both heterolytic and homolytic bond breaking, which bond is weaker? The more or less substituted bond?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 6
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

The more substituted bond

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6
Q
  • Reviewable content: Does a competing elimination rxn slow the rate of substitution? Why?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 6
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

No, their rates are independent of each other

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7
Q
  • Reviewable content: Is there more steric hinderance at a primary or secondary carbon? How does this affect the rate of nucleophilic substitution?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 6
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

At a steric carbon there is more crowing from adjacent carbon chains, which makes the nucleophilic substitution slower

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8
Q
  • Reviewable content: In gas-liquid chromatography, what the first peak to emerge be from?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 8
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

The first peak to emerge will be from the least polar, most volatile compound

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9
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is a volatile compound? What are its vapor pressure and boiling point like?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 8
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

A volatile compound is one that has a higher vapor pressure which correlates w a low boiling point

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10
Q
  • Reviewable content: During SN2 reactions, what happens with the stereochemistry?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 9
  • Content: 5D: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study concept
A

There is an inversion in the stereochemistry

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11
Q
  • Reviewable content: In a given rxn, acetic acid and ethanol react to form an ester. In order to determine which reactant loses the -OH group, would it be more useful to replace the acidic H of acetic acid, the alcoholic H of ethanol, the carbonyl carbon of acetic acid, or the hydroxyl oxygen of ethanol? What should the isotopic substitution be? D or O-18? Why?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 10
  • Content: 5D: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
  • Skill: 3: Reasoning about the design and execution of research
  • Error Description/ Category: Didn’t read through the options carefully enough
A
  • In order to determine which reactant loses the -OH group, an oxygen atom on the ethanol must be radiolabeled.
  • Replacement of the alcohol H by D will not provide this information bc of the rapid H/D exchange that occurs bt acetic acid and ethanol
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12
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is the thin lens formula?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 11
  • Content: 4D: How light and sound interact with matter
  • Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study equation
A

Strength of the eye lengths (S)= 1/f= 1/object distance (O) + 1/image distance (I)

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13
Q
  • Reviewable content: When using the thin lens formula, what is the lens strength equal to? What is a negative sign for this value indicative of? A positive sign?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 11
  • Content: 4D: How light and sound interact with matter
  • Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but want to study equation
A
  • Strength of the eye lens (S), is equal to the inverse of the focal length of the eyes lens -> S=1/f=1/O+1/I
  • (-) is indicative of a diverging lens
  • (+) is indicative of a converging lens
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14
Q
  • Reviewable content: What are 3 ways you could increase the percent ionization of an acid like 1.0 M acetic acid (CH3CO2H (aq))? How could you decrease the percent ionization?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 13
  • Content: 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: I honestly guessed
A
  1. To increase percent ionization
    • Add an electronegative atom like chlorine to the CH3 group: Stabilizes the formation of the negative charge on the nearby carboxylic acid group
    • Diluting the solution: Would work via Le Chatelier’s principle
    • Adding a drop of basic indicator: Slightly increases the amount of dissociated (ionized) acid due to the acid base rxn that occurs bt the two
  2. To decrease percent ionization:
    • Adding a strong acid like HCl: Increases the amount of H+ in solution .: decreasing the percentage of CH3CO2H that ionizes
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15
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is the index of refraction for a medium? What does each variable stand for?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 15
  • Content: 4D: How light and sound interact with water
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Didn’t know the equation
A
  1. The equation for the refractive index of a medium: n=c/v
    • n= index of refraction
    • c= velocity of light in vacuum
    • v= velocity of light in medium
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16
Q
  • Reviewable content: The intensity of electromagnetic radiation is related to what?
  • Date: 6/16/2022
  • Question: 16
  • Content: 4D: How light and sound interact w matter
  • Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
  • Error Description/ Category: Got correct, but wanted to study the concept
A

-Energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the number of photons and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is defined as energy emitted per unit time .: Intensity is directly proportional to the number of photons emitted

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17
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is the equation used to determine the energy of photons emitted at a specific frequency?
  • Question: 17
  • Content:4D: How light and sound interact w matter
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Didn’t know the equation
A
  1. E=hf=h(c/wavelength)
    • E= energy emitted by the photon
    • h= Planck’s constant
    • f= Frequency
    • c= speed of light
    • wavelength
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18
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is the unit conversion for a tera (T)
  • Question: 17
  • Content:4D: How light and sound interact w matter
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Didn’t know the equation
A

1 tera (T)= 10^12 base metric units

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19
Q
  • Reviewable content: What is the radioactive decay law equation?
  • Question: 20
  • Content: 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Didn’t know even know there was an equation you were supposed to use for this?!
A

Radioactive decay law: N(t)= No(1/2)^T/t1/2 or No=e^-t/5 or N(t)=N0e^-wavelength x t

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20
Q
  • Reviewable content: How would you convert to work from power AKA a unit of Watts?
  • Question: 21
  • Content:4A: Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems
  • Skill: 4: Data-based statistical reasoning
  • Error Description/ Category: Got the answer right but did not work my way through the problem correctly
A

-Power is measure of worked performed per unit time, so the units for power are can be kJ/s or J/s .: To convert back to work, you just multiply by time

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21
Q
  • Reviewable content: Which can of cross links would be stronger in terms of enhancing rigidity? Intermolecular or intramolecular?
  • Question: 22
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Essentially just guessed
A

Intramolecular cross linking would not enhance rigidity of something like a micelle as much as intermolecular cross-links would

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22
Q
  • Reviewable content: Disulfide bridges are what kind of bonds?
  • Question: 22
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Essentially just guessed
A

Intermolecular covalent bonds

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23
Q
  • Reviewable content: Which kinds of amino acids would be best for promoting cell adhesion? What are 2 examples of such kinds of amino acids
  • Question: 23
  • Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
  • Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
  • Error Description/ Category: Got right but just want to study the concept
A

Amino acids w side chains that can participate in electrostatic interactions like Asp and Arg

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24
Q

-Reviewable content: Wy does the velocity of blood flow decrease in capillaries in comparison to the velocity in arteries? How does this decrease in velocity impact blood pressure? What does this have to do with?
-Question: 26
-Content: 4B: Importance of fluids for circulation o blood, gas, movement, and gas exchange
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Got this right but want to study the concept

A
  • The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross sectional area of these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system .: Causing blood pressure to decrease -> Blood flow is inversely proportional to the total cross sectional area
  • This decrease does not have to do w the elasticity of the vessel or resistance
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25
Q

-Reviewable content: sp orbitals can be used to make what kind of bonds?
-Question: 28
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Guessed

A

AX2En linear compounds like triple bonds

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26
Q

-Reviewable content: p orbitals can be involved in or used to represent what?
-Question: 28
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Guessed

A

A pure p orbital will typically be involved in pi bonding or will represent a lone pair of electrons

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27
Q

-Reviewable content: sp^3 orbitals can be used to make what kind of bonds?
-Question: 28
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Guessed

A

Single bonds in compounds like tetrahedral AX4 compounds and other compounds based on a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs

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28
Q

-Reviewable content: What kind of orbitals are involved w the central atom in bonding in octahedral compounds?
-Question: 28
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Guessed

A

D^2sp^3: Octahedral compounds have six alpha bonds and no stereochemically active lone pairs .: According to the valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of 6 atomic orbitals

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29
Q

-Reviewable content: The rod cells are responsible for or what? The cone cells are responsible for what?
-Question: 30
-Content: 4D: How light and matter interact w matter
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Messed up the difference in function bt rod and cone cells

A

Rods cells are responsible for vision at low or varying levels of light, whereas cone cells are responsible for color vision and .: Detecting different wavelengths of light

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30
Q

-Reviewable content: What are the hybridization states of carbon atoms involved in triple bonds or linear compounds? What about double bonds w no lone pairs? Single bonds?
-Question: 33
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of Scientific Principles
-Error Description/ Category: Knew this but i think I ran out of time after flagging and coming back so i guessed

A
  • AX2 or linear compounds, according to VSEPR, have sp hybridized carbon atoms
  • For double bonds or AX3 systems w 3 bonded atoms and no lone pairs: sp^2
  • For single bonds or tetrahedral compounds or AX4 systems: (sp^3)
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31
Q

-Reviewable content: What is the preferred geometry for an AX3 system with 3 bonded atoms and no lone electrons?
-Question: 33
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of Scientific Principles
-Error Description/ Category: Knew this but i think I ran out of time after flagging and coming back so i guessed

A

Trigonal planar

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32
Q

-Reviewable content: Are transition metals capable of using d orbitals in bonding? If so what kind of system is it? How many electron domains does it have? What geometry would this system take on?
-Question: 33
-Content: 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions
Skill: 1: Knowledge of Scientific Principles
-Error Description/ Category: Knew this but i think I ran out of time after flagging and coming back so i guessed

A
  • YES
  • An sp^3d system
  • 5 electron domains
  • Trigonal bipyramidal
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33
Q

-Reviewable content: What does a lipase do?
-Question: 34
-Content: 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics
Skill: 1: Knowledge of Scientific Principles
-Error Description/ Category: Got correct but wanted to study the concept

A

Hydrolyzes triacylglycerides

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34
Q

-Reviewable content: How do you read amino acid substitutions? For example: R33G
-Question: 35
-Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
Skill: 2: Scientific Reasoning and Problem- Solving
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot how amino acid substitutions were written

A
  1. The first letter is the 1 letter abbreviation for the ORIGINAL amino acid
  2. The number in between (in this case 33) is the location or number of amino acid at which this substitution occurred
  3. The last letter is the 1 letter abbreviation for the NEW or substituted amino acid
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35
Q

-Reviewable content: What is the equation for going from pH to proton concentration? Form proton concentration to pH?
-Question: 37
-Content: 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Got correct but wanted to study the concept

A
  • From pH to proton concentration: [H3O+] or [H+]= 10^-pH

- From proton concentration to pH: pH= -log([H+])

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36
Q

-Reviewable content: In glycogen, each subunit is connected to an adjacent glucose unit by what kind of bonds?
-Question: 39
-Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
Skill: S1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Got correct but wanted to study the concept

A

Alpha-1,4- glycosidic bonds

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37
Q

-Reviewable content: Compare and contrast the structures fructose, ribose, xylose, and arabinose
-Question: 40
-Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically- relevant molecules
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Got correct but guessed

A
  1. Fructose: Is a hexose, NOT a pentafuranose like the others
  2. Ribose: A pentafuranose, C2 and C3 hydroxyl groups are cis, C3 and C4 hydroxymethyl groups are trans
  3. Xylose: A pentafuranose, C2 and C3 hydroxyl groups are trans, C3 hydroxyl group and C4 hydroxymethyl group are cis
  4. Arabinose: A pentafuranose, C2 and C3 hydroxyl groups are trans
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38
Q

-Reviewable content: What is the difference bt a phosphatase and a kinase
-Question: 41
-Content: 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics
Skill: 3: Reasoning about the design and execution of research
-Error Description/ Category: Missed key info in the passage that would’ve helped me answer the question

A

Phosphatases cleave OFF phosphate groups where as kinases ADD them

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39
Q

-Reviewable content: Beta minus decay occurs according to what reaction?
-Question: 42
-Content: 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Guessed

A
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40
Q

-Reviewable content: In glycogen, branching is due to the formation of what kind of glycosidic bond? How are these different from the glycosidic bonds that hold the individual glucose monomers tg?
-Question: 43
-Content: 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically relevant molecules
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot this concept

A

Alpha- 1,6- glycosidic bonds VS alpha- 1,4- glycosidic bonds

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41
Q

-Reviewable content: Which acid will dissociated to the LEAST extend in water? Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrogen phosphate anion?
-Question: 44
-Content: 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Was stuck on 2 answers and chose the wrong one -> Messed up on identifying the strong acids from just a simple anion

A

THE HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE ANION! -> The high negative charge will make it harder for it to lose another proton

- Hydrochloric and sulfuric acid are strong acids that will dissociate and go to completion in water
- Phosphoric acid is a much strong Bronsted acid than the hydrogen phosphate anion -> Due to the increase charge on the anion that will make it much harder to lose another proton
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42
Q

-Reviewable content: What is the definition of a Bronsted acid? A Bronsted base?
-Question: 44
-Content: 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Was stuck on 2 answers and chose the wrong one -> Messed up on identifying the strong acids from just a simple anion

A
  • Bronsted acid: Any species capable of donating a proton

- Bronsted base: Any species capable of accepting a proton

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43
Q

-Reviewable content: What is the thin lens equation and what is the magnification equation? How can they be used in tandem?
-Question: 45*
-Content: 4D: How light and sound interact w matter
Skill: 2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot these equations

A
  1. Thin lens equation: Strength of the eye lengths (S)= 1/f= 1/object distance (O) + 1/image distance (i)
  2. Magnification equation: m=Height of image/ height of object or (-image distance,i)/(object distance,o)
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44
Q

-Reviewable content: Gamma decay occurs when a nucleus emits what? What is the equation for gamma decay?
-Question: 46
-Content: 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot this concept

A

A photon

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45
Q

-Reviewable content: How will the rate of a catalyze rxn be affected if the solid catalyst is finely ground before it is added to the reaction mixture?
-Question: 51
-Content: 5E: Principles of chemical and thermodynamics and kinetics
Skill: Reasoning about the design and execution of research
-Error Description/ Category: Got correct by want to study the concept

A

Grinding a heterogenous catalyst increases the surface area of the catalyst that will be exposed .: Increasing the amount of catalyst available to the reaction and .: Increasing the rate of rxn

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46
Q

-Reviewable content: How do changes in electrical wire diameter impact resistance? What is the equation that relates the two?
-Question: 52
-Content: 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements
Skill:3: Reasoning about the design and execution of research
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot these equations

A
  1. As diameter or area of the wire increases, resistance decreases and as diameter or area of the wire decreases, resistance increases .: They are inverse proportional
  2. R=rho (l/A)
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47
Q

-Reviewable content: How could you effectively increase current passing through a circuit when voltage is fixed
-Question: 52
-Content: 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements
Skill:3: Reasoning about the design and execution of research
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot these equations

A

According to Ohm’s Law, V=IR or I=V/R, you would have to decrease resistance if voltage is fixed

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48
Q

-Reviewable content: When balancing redox rxn reactions what two things must you remember to account for?
-Content:4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior
Skill:2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Didn’t have enough time to balance the equations

A

You must remember to balance both the moles of each product/ reactant but also account for how that impacts balancing the charge as well!

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49
Q

-Reviewable content: When trying to determine the net Ecell of a redox rxn what must you do if given two reduction potentials? The sign of the net Ecell must be what for the rxn to occur spontaneously
-Content: 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements
Skill:2: Scientific reasoning and problem- solving
-Error Description/ Category: Forgot to switch the sign of the reduction potential given for the oxidation portion of the rxn

A
  • If given two reduction potentials and you’re trying to find the net Ecell you must flip the sign of the reduction potential for the oxidation reaction that occurs, THEN add them together
  • A spontaneous rxn only occurs when Ecell is greater than 0 AKA (+)
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50
Q

-Reviewable content: What are 3 different ways you could used to express the measurement unit for power?
-Content: 4A: Translational, motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems
Skill: 1: Knowledge of scientific principles
-Error Description/ Category: Honeslty just did not know the answer

A

Power is equivalent to the amount of energy or work done/ produced per unit time .: it can be expressed using:

- Watts (W)
- ft x (lb/s)
- kg x (m^2/s^3)
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51
Q

What is the equation for the amount of light energy emitted by a photon in J per photon? What do the constants in the equation stand for?

A
  1. E = hf = hc/λ
  2. h = 6.62 × 10 −34 J ∙ s
  3. c = 3 × 10 8 m/s
  4. λ = Wavelength
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52
Q

What is the unit conversion bt nM and μM?

A
  • μM= 10^-6
  • nM= 10^-9
  • .: There is a 10^3 or difference from nM -> μM and a 10^-3 difference from μM-> nM
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53
Q

What kind of hybridization dp AX3 systems, AKA double bonds have?

A

sp^2 hybridized

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54
Q

Which amino acid is frequency found at the active site at metalloenzymes and is one of the only amino acids to have its side chain cycle back onto its amino acid back bone?

A

Histidine

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55
Q

What is the equation we can use to determine the kcat of a reaction when the enzyme is saturated with substrate?

A

kcat = Vmax/[E]

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56
Q

Absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules always results in what process? What CAN follow it but does not necessarily have to?

A
  1. Excitation of bound electrons

2. Bond vibration, ionization. bond breaking

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57
Q

In column chromatography, if all the compounds have comparable molecular weights, what must you go off of?

A

Polarity

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58
Q

If you have a polar stationary phase and a nonpolar mobile phase in column chromatography, what does this mean for polar compounds? What does this do to Rf?

A
  • Like dissolves like -> They’ll interact and hydrogen bond more w the polar stationary phase (has increased affinity for the stationary phase), meaning it’ll take longer for them to elute
  • Decreased Rf
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59
Q

The half-life of a radioactive material is:

A

the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei, which may or may not also be radioactive.

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60
Q

Why must a person either lean forward or slide their feet under the chair in order to stand up? What would happen if they didn’t lean forward?

A
  1. A person is in equilibrium only when the center of mass is directly above their feet.
  2. If the person did not lean forward or slide the feet under the chair, the person would fall backward due to the large torque created by the combination of the weight of the body (applied at the person’s center of mass) and the distance along the horizontal between the center of mass and the support point.
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61
Q

The near UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum has longer wavelengths mean what for photon energy?

A

Longer wavelengths= Lower photon energy

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62
Q

The energy of a photon matches what?

A

The energy gap between the ground and the excited state

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63
Q

What are the uncharged, polar amino acids?

A

Serine (S), Threonine (T), Tyrosine (Y), Asparagine (N), and Glutamine (Q)

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64
Q

What are the non-polar amino aicds?

A

G, A, V, C, P, L, I, M, W, F

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65
Q

What are the positively charged AKA basic amino acids?

A

Lysine (K), Arginine (R), and Histidine (H)

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66
Q

What are the negatively charged AKA acidic amino acids?

A

Aspartate or Aspartic acid (D), glutamate or glutamic acid (E)

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67
Q

Where does the phosphoryl transfer from kinases come from AKA which phosphate off of ATP? .: If researchers were trying to track its movement in an experiment, what type of 32^P labeled ATP should they use?

A
  1. The γ-phosphate of ATP

2. γ32^P-ATP

68
Q

If you had an amino acid sequence FLGFTY with a phosphorylated T and were to replace the phosphorylated T, which amino acid could you replace it with the get the same result? Why?

A

Glutamic acid -> The phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the threonine gives it a negative charge, meaning if you were to replace T with a negatively charged AA like glutamic acid, you’d get a similar result

69
Q

Does phosphorylation add a negative charge?

A

Yes

70
Q

What is displaced when amino acids like Ser and Thr are phosphorylated by kinases?

A

The hydroxyl groups of their side chains

71
Q

A higher melting temp is indicative of what for a protein? Why?

A

Higher melting temperature is indicative of a more stable protein, as more energy is needed to unfold the protein.

72
Q

What happens to the oxidation number when an atom is reduced? What about when its oxidized?

A
  1. The oxidation number decreases when an atom is reduced

2. The oxidation number increases when an atom is oxidized

73
Q

Oxygen pressure is the sum of what in a Venturi mask? In the area of the mask openings what does Pair equal? How does it compare to P?

A
  1. The oxygen static pressure P and the oxygen flow pressure (ρv2/2)
  2. In the area of the mask openings, Pair = P + ρv2/2, thus Pair > P.
74
Q

In a Venturi mask, why does air enter the mask even though it has openings in it?

A

Air enters the mask because the static pressure of the air is larger than the static pressure of the oxygen in flow.

75
Q

What causes duplex DNA with a certain (A + T):(G + C) ratio to melt at a higher temperature than comparable length duplex DNA with a greater (A + T):(G + C) ratio?

A
  1. G–C base pairs form stronger π-stacking interactions than A–T base pairs, thereby creating the most thermal stability. This disparity has often been used to explain the increased melting temperature of DNA rich in GC content.
76
Q

What are triacylglycerols? What are the structural features possessed by storage lipids?

A
  1. Triacylglycerols are neutral storage lipids.

2. They consist of three fatty acids ester-linked to a single glycerol

77
Q

In an electrochemical cell, where does oxidation and reduction occur?

A

Oxidation always occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode of an electrochemical cell.

78
Q

In the rxn, N2(g) + H2(g) -> NH3(g), what is oxidized and what is reduced?

A

Since nitrogen decreases in oxidation state during the reaction, it is reduced. Hydrogen, on the other hand, increases in oxidation state and is, therefore, oxidized.

79
Q

What is a Lewis base? What is a lewis acid?

A
  1. A Lewis base is a substance that donates an electron pair in forming a covalent interaction
  2. A Lewis acid is a substance that accepts an electron pair
80
Q

What is a bronsted lowry base vs acid?

A

A bronsted lowry base can accept a proton (H+) from another molecule whereas a bronsted lowry acid can donate a proton (H+) to another molecule

81
Q

Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reaction, which is…..

A

the amount of product formed per unit time.

82
Q

When the equilibrium constant of a reaction, Keq, is very large (much greater than 1), what does this usually mean for the ΔG° and spontaneity of the reaction? What is favored? The reactants or the products?

A
  • This generally means that ΔG° is negative and the reaction is spontaneous
  • Products are favored over the reactants at equilibrium
83
Q

When the equilibrium constant of a reaction, Keq, is very small (much less than 1), what does this usually mean for the ΔG° and spontaneity of the reaction?

A
  • This generally means that ΔG° is positive and the reaction is non-spontaneous
  • Reactants are favored over the products at equilibrium
84
Q

When the equilibrium constant of a reaction, Keq, is 1, what does this usually mean for the ΔG° and spontaneity of the reaction? What is favored? The reactants or the products?

A
  • This generally means that ΔG° is 0 and the reaction is in equilibrium
  • The amount of products will be roughly equal to the amount of reactants at equilibrium.
85
Q

What is the relationship between ΔG° and Keq at equilibrium?

A

They are inversely proportional: If ΔG° is negative and the rxn is spontaneous, Keq is much greater than 1 and vice versa

86
Q

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

A

The Lewis acid–base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor

87
Q

What is a coordinate ionic bond AKA a dative covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom

88
Q

What would happen to ammonia if you added hydrochloric acid to it? What kind of reaction would this be?

A

Hydrochloric acid would protonate ammonia in a Brönsted acid–base reaction and reduce the amount of ammonia present.

89
Q

If you had the reaction, [Cu(H2O)4]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) -> [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l), Would the concentration of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ increase if the equilibrium were disturbed by adding hydrochloric acid?

A

No. Hydrochloric acid will protonate ammonia in a Brönsted acid–base reaction and reduce the amount of ammonia present. The disturbed equilibrium responds in a way to restore ammonia, but this causes the amount of [Cu(H2O)2(NH3)2]2+ to decrease. This means that the equilibrium shifts to the left, meaning that the formation of the reactants if favored and not the formation of these intermediates as NH3 displaces water molecules to produce the product in a step wise manner

90
Q

In [Cu(NH3)4]2+, the subscript 4 indicates which of the following? Explain

A
  • The coordination number of Cu2+ only
  • Because ammonia is neutral, the number 4 reflects only the number of ammonia molecules that bind to the central Cu2+ cation and does not indicate anything about its oxidation number
91
Q

In the reaction, [Cu(H2O)4]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) PS-10-1-BondArrow.gif [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l), why does NH3 displace H2O in the formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2+?

A

The fact that the reaction proceeds in the forward direction indicates that NH3 is a better Lewis base toward Cu2+ than H2O. This also means that NH3 donates a lone pair of electrons more readily than does H2O.

92
Q

Does NH3 contain more lone pairs of electrons than H2O?

A

No, NH3 has 1 lone pair of electrons whereas H2O has 2

93
Q

Do metals or non metals tend to have lower ionization energies? What does it depend on?

A

Metals have lower ionization energies than non-metals as long as the ionization event involves a valence electro

94
Q

Why Na have a large second ionization energy?

A

Na is an alkali metal, it has only one valence electron. Once it is removed, it has a complete valence shell and will not want to give up another electron easily .: it has a large second ionization energy

95
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule.

96
Q

Which would have smaller second ionization energy? Na or Ca? Why?

A

Ca -> Ca is an alkaline earth metal and has two valence electrons. It will therefore have the smallest second ionization energy bc once it loses one electron from the first ionization energy, it readily wants to give up the second valence electron to adopt a noble gas configuration. This means it will be easy to remove the last electron without a lot of energy, giving it a fairly low second ionization energy

97
Q

How do you determine mass percent?

A

Mass percent = (mass of chemical/total mass of compound) x 100.

98
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation? When is the log negative?

A
  1. pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid])

2. The log ends up being negative when the fraction for the ratio of base to acid is less than 1

99
Q

What is the solubility product constant expression? What does each variable stand for?

A
  1. Ksp = [A^+]^a [B^-]^b
  2. A^+= Cation in aqueous solution
  3. B^+= Anion in aqeuous solution
  4. a,b= Relative concentrations of a and b
100
Q

How is systolic pressure determined? Would you hear anything above the systolic pressure?

A
  1. The systolic pressure is determined from the first sound of blood flow that can be heard once the pressure exerted by the inflatable cuff falls below the pressure in the artery
  2. No bc the systolic pressure indicates when the blood starts flowing again .: Blood flow is not heard when the pressure of the cuff is above the systolic pressure e
101
Q

Blood pressure readings like 130/85 mmHg are read as

A

Systolic/diastolic pressure

102
Q

Would you hear blood flow below the diastolic pressure? What about above? .: When can you actually hear blood flow?

A
  1. Below, no
  2. Above, yes
  3. In bt the systolic and diastolic pressures
103
Q

What forms the exterior of the double helix in DNA?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone

104
Q

Which are the purines and which are the pyrimidines

A
  1. Purines= A and G

2. Pyrimidines= C, T, and U

105
Q

If you had 2 ions, one w a + charge on the left and another w a - charge on the right and released an ion w a + charge in bt them, in what direction would it begin to move? Why?

A

D: Toward the right bc the forces depend inversely proportionally on the distances between the ions and directly proportionally on the product between their charges (which are all the same in absolute value), the resultant force is to the right because the top and bottom components cancel out.

106
Q

A glass rod is rubbed with a silk scarf producing a charge of +3.2 × 10–9 C on the rod. (Recall that the magnitude of the proton and electron charges is 1.6 × 10–19 C.) The glass rod has:

A

the number of charges in excess can be computed as +3.2 × 10^–9 C/1.6 × 10^–19 C = +2.0 × 10^10. This means that the rod has an excess of positive charge, created by removing a number of +2.0 × 10^10 electrons from the material, as it is not possible to add protons in a manner described in this question.

107
Q

Which single bond present in nitroglycerin is most likely the shortest? C-H, C-O, C-C, or O-N

A

All of the bonds listed are single bonds. Since hydrogen has a much smaller atomic radius than second period elements, the covalent bond between C and H is shorter than any of the other bonds listed.

108
Q

What does Hess’s law state? What is its equation?

A

For any chemical reaction at standard conditoins, the standard enthalpy change is the sum of the standard molar enthalpies of formation of the products (each multiplied by its coefficient in the balanced chemical equation) minus the corresponding sum for the reactants)

109
Q

What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at standard temp and pressure (273 K and 1 atm)

A

22.4 L/mol

110
Q

What is the equation for average power?

A

P=PE/time= mgh/time

111
Q

What is the equation for work done by an elastic system AKA elastic PE:

A

PE or W= 1/2kx^2

112
Q

What is the equation used when comparing the ratios of sound intensities?

A

dB=10log(I/Io)

113
Q

A negative focal length corresponds to what kind of lens? What about a positive focal length?

A
  • Negative focal length= Diverging lens

- Positive focal length= Converging lens

114
Q

What kind of images do diverging lens form when the object is situated a distance larger than the focal length?

A

Virtual and reduced

115
Q

What energy conversion flow chart best describes what takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when the current is flowing? Why?

A

Chemical to electric to thermal because the chemical energy of the battery elements is used as electrical energy to set the charge carriers in motion through the resistor, where they experience drag from the crystal lattice of the resistive conductor and dissipate their energy as heat from the resistor.

116
Q

Protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between:

A

backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens.

117
Q

When resistors are added in parallel, how do you add up the total resistance?

A

1/ Rtotal= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…..

118
Q

A 60-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a 20-Ω resistor. What is the equivalent resistance of the combination?

A

Equivalent resistance is given by the expression (1/(60) + 1/(20))–1 = 15

119
Q

What is the equation used to determine the approximate percentage of a sample left after x amount of half lives?

A

1/ 2^number of half lives

120
Q

What is the equation for decay rate?

A

k=ln2/T1/2

121
Q

What is the equation for exponential decay?

A

P(t)= Poe^(-kt)

122
Q

For a thermodynamic mixture of isomeric products, the relative mole ratio of products is directly related to what? Which one is found at a higher percentage? Why?

A
  • the relative stability of these products

- The thermodynamic product bc it is more stable

123
Q

Only an aldol addition occurs if there is no? What must the product be?

A
  • no dehydration in an aldol condensation.

- alpha, beta-hydroxyketone

124
Q

What occurs in Robinson annulation? What 2 roles does the α,b-unsaturated ketone play in this role?

A
  • product of Michael addition followed by intramolecular aldol condensation
  • α,b-unsaturated ketone as both an electrophile (Michael addition) and a nucleophile (intramolecular aldol condensation) in the two-step synthesis.
125
Q

What is the equation for the energy stored in a capacitor?

A

E = 1/2 * C * V²

126
Q

What is the equation for the amount of charge stored in a capacitor?

A

C = Q / V

127
Q

What are the units for capacitance? Charge? Voltage?

A
  • Farad (F)
  • Coulomb (C)
  • Volts (V)
128
Q

What does the Doppler Effect tells us about the frequency of a sound that is coming toward us and passing us?

A

the frequency that the person on the railcar hears before passing the horn is larger than the actual frequency of the sound emitted (f’>f), while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the horn (f’

129
Q

The power required to keep a railcar moving must be equal to what? How would you find this?

A
  • work done by the friction force that tends to slow down the railcar
  • Would find this by taking the decelerating force and multiplying it by the constant speed
130
Q

How can the relative thermodynamic stability of isomers be determined?

A

By comparing the the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; less heat, greater stability.

131
Q

The best sites for tritium labeling …..Which would be better, an N-H site or a C-H site?

A
  • would not exchange the tritium ions for protons in water.
  • N−H sites would readily exchange tritium protons due to their lone pair-facilitating protonation and subsequent tritium exchange with water, but the C−H site, lacking a lone pair, would retain its tritium label.
132
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

1 mol= 6.02 x 10^23 atoms

133
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV=nRT

134
Q

A greater Kb means? A greater Ka means? Kw is the sum of what?

A
  • A stronger base
  • A stronger acid
  • Kw= [Ka][Kb]
135
Q

Energy of activation for a reaction is given by? What does it represent?

A
  • the activated complex minus the energy of the reactants.

- represents the minimum energy barrier necessary to be overcome by the reactants on the path to products.

136
Q

The period of a time- varying signal is what? If a pulse is on for 500 ns, then off for 500 ns, then the total time bt consecutive pulses is?

A
  • the shortest repetition time.

- 500 ns+500ns= 1000s

137
Q

Equation for photon energy

A

E = hf or E= hc/λ

138
Q

In a uniform electric field the lines are _____________ spaced

A

Equally

139
Q

An oxidizing agent gets

A

Reduced

140
Q

In order to lower the pH of a buffer what must we do? What must we not do AKA what wont work?

A
  • We must increase the proportion of acidic buffer component
  • Adding strong base, diluting with water, or adding a different basic salt will not lower the pH
141
Q

When two amino acids are joined via a peptide bond, what is the mass of the byproduct of this reaction?

A

18 amu bc because the formation of a peptide bond is accompanied by the formation of water as a by-product, and the mass of water is 18 amu.

142
Q

What 3 factors are essential to obtain reliable Vo vs substrate concentration data to calculate Km and Vmax using MM enzyme kinetics?

A
  • Initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions.
  • Solution pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations.
  • The concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate.
143
Q

What is a factor that is NOT essential to achieve reliable data for MM enzyme kinetics? Why?

A

-The reaction does not need to be allowed to reach equilibrium before measurements are taken because once the reaction reaches equilibrium, measurement of Vo will be impossible and the kinetic data will look the same regardless of substrate concentration.

144
Q

Does a regenerated cofactor belong in the balanced equation?

A

No

145
Q

[H3O+][OH-]=

A

10^-14 for aqueous solutions at 25 degrees Celsius

146
Q

What must an atom be in order to coordinate calcium ions?

A

A lewis base like oxygen which is either partially negatively charged in the peptide backbone/ in the serine chain or has a negative charge in the asparagine side chain

147
Q

Why is nitrogen (which is a Lewis base) less likely to coordinate calcium ions than oxygen?

A

It has a partially positive chain in the peptide backbone due to resonance, which makes it less likely to coordinate calcium ions.

148
Q

Heme is a ______, which means that its basic unit is what kind of ring?

A
  • Porphyrin

- A pyrrole ring, a five-sided heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom.

149
Q

Resistivity is the inverse of?

A

Conductivity and vice versa

150
Q
  1. equilibrium constant for DNA unfolding

2. What is the correct expression for the ΔG′° for the transition of unfolding DNA

A
  1. Keq = [unfolded]/[native] bc the unfolded DNA is considered to be a product
  2. ΔG′° = −RTlnKeq = −RTln([unfolded]/[native])
151
Q

Cooperativity is measured as the

A

slope of the unfolding transition.

152
Q

What is pK?

A

the pH at which the fraction of folded DNA is 0.5

153
Q

AAs and proteins are positively charged when pH is??? They are negatively charged when pH is??

A
  • Less than PI

- Greater than PI

154
Q

Which halogen has the highest first ionization energy? Why?

A

Fluorine bc it is the smallest halogen and appears at the top of the column of Group 17. With fewer electrons to shield the valence electron from the nucleus, fluorine will exhibit the highest first ionization energy.

155
Q

Equation for volume flow rate

A

Q=(flow velocity)( cross sectional area)

156
Q

Suppose that a blood vessel of cross-sectional area A carries microbubbles at a speed v into a capillary bed. If the capillary bed is made up of n capillaries, each with cross-sectional area a, with what speed will the blood flow in the capillary bed?

A

according to the continuity equation, if u is the speed of flow in the capillary bed, then A × v = n × a × u, so u = A × v/(n × a)

157
Q

Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) -> CaCO3(s) .: what expression can be used to calculate the solubility of CaCO3?

A

Ksp = [Ca2+][CO32–] bc Ksp is equal to the product of the calcium ion concentration and the carbonate ion concentration, [Ca2+][CO32–]

158
Q

How would you find Ksp?

A

Ksp = [products]/[reactants] BUT ONLY AQUEOUS ONES NOT LIQUIDS OR SOLIDS

159
Q

The alkali earth metals are found in which group of the periodic table?

A

2

160
Q

The halogens are found in which group of the periodic table?

A

17

161
Q

The alkali metals are found in which group of the periodic table?

A

1

162
Q

The metalloids are found in which group of the periodic table?

A

In the staircase from group 13 to 16 starting at B and ending at Te

163
Q

ΔG =

A

–RTln(Keq)

164
Q 
Which of the following is a second period element that is a covalent network solid in its standard state?
A.Carbon
B.Phosphorous
C.Oxygen
D.Iodine
A

The answer to this question is A because Carbon is a second period element that is a covalent network solid (graphite) in its standard state.

165
Q

A tall tube is evacuated, and its stopcock closed. The open end of the tube is immersed into a container of water (density 103 kg/m3) that is open to the atmosphere (pressure 105 N/m2). When the stopcock is opened, how far up the tube will the water rise?

A
  • the water will rise to a height such that the weight (mass multiplied by gravitational acceleration) of the water column equals the atmospheric pressure multiplied by the tube cross-sectional area A.
  • Because mass is density times volume, it follows that 103 kg/m3 × h × A × 10 m/s2 = 105 N/m2 × A, where h is the height sought. Solving for h yields h = 105 N/m2/(104 N/m3) = 10 m.

MCAT (6 decks)

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