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Computing > A451: Topic 6 - Communication and Networking > Flashcards

A451: Topic 6 - Communication and Networking Flashcards

1
Q

What is an IP address?

A

-An internet protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each devise

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2
Q

What is the purpose of an IP address?

A

-Two principals, host identification and location addressing.

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3
Q

Describe a Mac address?

A

-A Mac address, or Media Control address, is a 48- or 65-bit address associated with the network adapter.

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4
Q

Differences between MAC and IP addresses?

A

-IP address associated with the software, Mac address are linked to the hardware of network adapters. For this reason, the MAC address is sometimes called the hardware address. MAC addresses are useful for security purposes, as they are only rarely changed from the default. IP addresses can change dynamically, so MAC addresses are often a more reliable way to identify senders and receivers of network traffic.

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5
Q

Why do we need a MAC address?

A

-MAC addresses are useful for security purposes, as they are only rarely changed from the default. This is so information can be sent securely.

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6
Q

What is a Packet?

A

-Computers send and receive data in packets, this is when data is broken up and will take different routes across the internet. Each packet also carries information about the data such as, the senders IP address and the intended receivers IP address. Also each packet will no how many packets make up the data, they will be a number out of how many there are to come such as (4 of 9).

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7
Q

What is a Protocol?

A

-A Protocol is a set of instructions you have to follow to use something properly like instructions. For example when packets are sent over the internet they use the TCP/IP: the protocol the internet uses. This means lot of the packets are slit up to make the internet more efficient.

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8
Q

What is the TCP/IP?

A

-This is when the packets carry the data in the protocols that the internet uses: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

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9
Q

A typical packet contains about..?

A

-1,000 or 1,500 bytes.

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10
Q

Security in networks,What is a user access level?

A

-Define what level of access a user has to a resource. For example, a user may have only read-only access to a file whilst another user has the ability to read and write the same file and another users might have no access at all.

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11
Q

Security in networks, passwords?

A

-Passwords prevent an unauthorized user from logging on. It is essential that nobody learns your password as they might be able to use it to gain access to files they should not have.

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12
Q

Security in networks, encryption?

A

-Encryption is the process of applying a rule to information to make information appear ‘muddled’ to anyone who does not know the rule, or key, to reverse it. this process is often automated by the computer, for instance the exchange of the lengthy encryption key in order to encrypt and securely send personal information online (HTTPS)

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13
Q

Network Policies, Acceptable use?

A

-Defines what is within the remit of being ‘acceptable’ use of computers and the internet- people operating outside the defined remit can find themselves receiving a warning or being dismissed.

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14
Q

Network Policies, Disaster recovery?

A

-Defines how the company will respond to specific scenarios such as flooding, fire etc.

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15
Q

Network Policies, Fail over?

A

-Is switching to a redundant or standby system, hardware component or network upon the failure of abnormal termination of the previously active. Fail over and switch over are essentially the same operation. accept fail over is normally automatic while, switch over demands human intervention.

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16
Q

Define stand alone computer?

A

-A computer that has no way of sending information to another computer, such as sending data, e-mails or gaming.

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17
Q

Define LAN?

A

-(local area network) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, school, or group of buildings. LAN covers less then 100m.

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18
Q

Define WAN?

A

-(wide area network) this is a computer network that covers a broad area e.g. long distances between country’s, town and cities. The internet is a WAN. WAN more then 100m.

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19
Q

Describe the function of a network hub?

A

-A hub will broadcast the message to all computers. Each computer will ignore the message apart from the computer that needs the message.

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20
Q

Describe the function of a network switch?

A

-A switch is more intelligent then a hub and it learns which devices are on the network via there address and port number. And only send the information that is needed to them inset of broadcasting the information. This is more efficient then a switch and doesn’t make as much network traffic.

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21
Q

Describe the function of a wireless access point?

A

-Wireless access points do not need a physical connection and are there fore suited to many devises and provide access to a network over an area. It enables communication between hosts.

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22
Q

Describe the function of a Router?

A

-A router is a device that transfers data from one network to another in an intelligent way. t has the task of forwarding data packets to their destinations by the most efficient route.

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23
Q

Describe the function of the Modem?

A

-The function of a modem is to convert the digital data from the computer into a continuous analogue waveform that the telephone system is designed to deal with. It then converts it back visa verse. Modulator Demodulate.

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24
Q

What is meant by a Peer-to-peer network?

A
  • All computers have equal status/no server controlling

- To share data, files, devices between each other

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25
Q

What is a Client-server?

A

-In a client server network, the server acts as the main computer handling log in requests, user storage etc.. the client could be any computer. User can log on to any client and still access there data on the server.

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26
Q

Advantages of a bus network?

A

-Cheap to install, you can add or take away computers easily.

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27
Q

Disadvantages of a bus network?

A

-Only one computer can send information down the bus at one time. computers have to wait till the line is free. Security risk because other computers can see what is being sent.

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28
Q

Advantages of a Ring network?

A

-Less data collisions because data sent one way only. So is faster, even with large number of devises because data flows in same direction.

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29
Q

Disadvantages of a Ring network?

A

-If you break the ring the whole network will stop working. Data may have to go all the way round the ring to get to another computer so may be slow. Security risk, other computers can see your data.

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30
Q

Advantages of a Star network?

A

-Very reliable, if one devise of cable fails, then the network will continue to run. High performance as no data collisions.

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31
Q

Disadvantages of a Star network?

A

-Expensive to install, uses the most cable. Extra hardware required. If the hub/switch fails, the whole network will go down.

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32
Q

Three areas of computing where encryption is used?

A

-Credit card numbers online banking, Information surfaces storage of files, Security surfaces Communication and passwords.

33
Q

What is HTML?

A

-Hyper text mark up language, provides a standard format which any computer with web browser can interpret and display the pages. It allowed the WWW to get going as there was a universal standard that everyone could now use to share information.

34
Q

What happens when you search for something on the internet?

A

-When you enter a web address in your browser, it heads off via your modem to your internet service provider ISP domain name servers DNS these computers store the IP addresses for each website and directs your request to the relevant server hosting the webpage you want to view. The information is then sent back to your ISP and then back to your computer.

35
Q

What is the internet?

A

-The internet is made of of millions upon millions of small computer networks all brought together to form the vast ‘Inter-network’ for internet.

36
Q

Four functions of a server in a network?

A
  • Provides files for other computers to use on the network.
  • Controls access to the network e.g. verify’s passwords entered on computers.
  • Controls access to internet.
  • Controls access to printer.
37
Q

When was the Internet invented?

A

-1969 American research project.

38
Q

Uses of servers?

A
  • Controls access the network and verifies passwords.
  • Provides files for other computers on the network.
  • Install software on workstation.
  • Controls access to computers the Internet.
  • Make the printer accessible to all the computers.
  • Stores ,delivers and sends emails for all users on the network.
39
Q

The benefits of Networking computers?

A
  • Sharing resources.
  • Communication.
  • Centralized management.
40
Q

What does the protocol cover?

A
  • How the communication will start.
  • The transmission speed.
  • The significance of the bits being transferred.
  • How the bits will be delivered.
  • Error checking procedures being used.
41
Q

Advantages of using DNS servers?

A
  • Humans do not have to remember or type in numerical addresses.
  • If the IP addresses change at some point the DNS server can update their database.
  • Lots of them so everyone has fast access to local DNS server.
42
Q

What is needed to connect to the internet?

A
  • Modem.

- Local Router.

43
Q

Define Topology?

A

-A description of how devises are connected together. Does not necessarily represent a physical layout.

44
Q

Define Bus?

A

-A topology where each device is connected to a main cable, refereed to as the bus. Any devise can transmit at any time but only one transmission can occur on the main bus at any time.

45
Q

Define Ring?

A

-A topology where each device is connected to the next in a loop. Uses a token-passing protocol to manage transmission one device at a time.

46
Q

Define Star?

A

-A topology where each device has its own cable connecting it to a central device that can be a switch or a server.

47
Q

Define NIC?

A

-Network interface card: the card that goes in a computer to provide a connection to a LAN. Can be wireless or cabled.

48
Q

Define Message?

A

-A communication between devices. Split into packets for sending over a network and put back together again at the other end.

49
Q

Define Digital?

A

-A transmission signal that is made of separate values, as opposed to the continuously changing signal in analogue transmissions.

50
Q

Define Analogue?

A

-A transmission signal that is continuously changing, as opposed to being made up of separate numbers. Sound is the real world analogue.

51
Q

Define Broadband?

A

-A method of connecting to the internet using the site’s normal phone line to carry digital transmissions. Allows more than one device to share the link.

52
Q

Define WWW?

A

-World-Wide-Web: a collection of pages distributed on servers connected to the internet. Uses HTTP to request and send pages to browsers.

53
Q

Define HTTP?

A

-HyperText Transfer Protocol: The Protocol used by a browser to send page requests to a server and also by the server to send back the required page.

54
Q

define HTTPS?

A

-A secure version of HTTP where transmission is encrypted.

55
Q

Define Domain Name?

A

-The text label for a website in the internet: www.bbc.co.uk It corresponds to an IP address for that site.

56
Q

Define CSS?

A

-Cascading Style Sheet: defines the formatting and layout of the content defined by the HTML code. Eg: <h1> may be 32pt Arial in Green.

57
Q

Define Tags?

A

-Labels that go around the content (text,pictures etc.) to define what they will look like on the page. Eg: <h1> A heading </h1>.

58
Q

Define Redundant?

A

-Spare, ready hardware components, ready to be used if the primary fails. Relates to spare hardware components in fault-tolerant systems that use fail-over.

59
Q

Define Fault-tolerant?

A

-A system that has been designed to cope with hardware failures. Uses redundant hardware and fail over usually.

60
Q

Define Backup?

A

-A copy of data is taken from a live computer system as a precaution against system failure or corruption/deletion of individual files/folders. To be restored in the event of data loss.

61
Q

Define Archiving?

A

-Files are removed from the main computer system but kept in long term storage, just in case they are needed in the future or the law requires them to be kept. Crates space on the main system.

62
Q

Define compression?

A

-Making files smaller for quicker transmission over a network.

63
Q

define Lossless compression?

A

-File is compressed with no loss of essential data. Used mainly data files.

64
Q

Define Lossy compression?

A

-Files are compressed by removing some data that is less essential for the purpose. For example, using fewer colors in a picture, (reduce color depth)

65
Q

Why should files be compressed?

A

-This is so that information can travel faster over the internet. It can split up and go different directions.

66
Q

Why do computers need Network interface cards to connect to a computer?

A

They format the data sent from the computer (1) into a required format according to the protocols (rules) of the network (1).

67
Q

Explain how two network users could exchange encrypted messages using publicand private keys.

A

The message is encrypted with the recipient’s public key (1).
The recipient then decrypts it with their own private key (1).

68
Q

Explain why an organisation should have a ‘backup policy’?

A

There is always the possibility that data will be lost or corrupted / Data could be lost due to natural disasters or deliberate sabotage. (1)
Copies need to be made so that data can be restored to allow normal working to continue. (1)

69
Q

List four important items of information that should be included in a ‘backuppolicy’?

A
  • Who is responsible for the backup.
    • Which data will be backed up e.g. all the data or only data that has changed since the last backup (incremental backup).
    • When the backup is to be made e.g. during the night.
    • How often backups will be made e.g. weekly, daily or even hourly if the data changes constantly.
    • How the backups will be done e.g. tape, DVD, cloud storage.
    • Where the backups will be kept e.g. on-site, off-site.
    • How long the backups will be kept.
70
Q

Describe what is meant by the World Wide Web (W3) and explain how it is different to the Internet. (4)

A

The Internet is a wide area network or a ‘network of networks’ (1) whereas the WWW is one of the many applications running on it. (1)
(Any two of)
It consists of interlinked hypertext documents. (1)
May contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia. (1)
Can navigate between them using hyperlinks. (1)

71
Q

Advantages of a DNS server?

A

Advantages
People do not need to remember IP addresses.
As long as you are connected to a DNS server you can have access to all the addresses.

72
Q

DESCRIBE HTML?

A

HyperText Mark up Language
Text file containing the text to be displayed…
… uses tags which indicate how to display it.
… location of pictures/other elements to include.
… and hyperlinks to other locations/URLs.

73
Q

Explain the importance of HTML in the creation of web pages. (2)

A

Web browser used to interpret the file and display the data correctly.
Because it is an open/accepted standard…
… data will display correctly on all browsers.
… which conform to the standard.

74
Q

Explain what these style sheets are used for. (2)

A

Style sheets hold the formatting information

…for particular elements e.g. the style of headlines <h1> .</h1>

75
Q

What are the advantages for the developer in using these style sheets? (2)

A
  • The formatting style has only to be defined once and it is then applied to all instances in the document.
  • If it has to be changed, it only has to be edited once and this will be applied to all instances.
  • The same style can be applied to many separate documents.
76
Q

AVI file?

A

Sound and video.

77
Q

WAV file?

A

Sound

78
Q

DESCRIBE what is meant by a LAN?

A

Computers are connected to each other.

Restricted to a small geographic area.

Computing (15 decks)

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