A4- Digestive and excretory system Flashcards
What is the effect of less ADH on the walls of the collecting duct?
walls are less permeable and more urine produced
What is the result of decreased water potential of blood?
More ADH released from pituitary gland
What happens to urine production when less ADH is released?
More urine produced
With less water reabsorbed into the blood, more water is excreted as urine.
What is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
Changes in water potential of blood
Osmoreceptors detect increases or decreases in blood water potential, influencing ADH release.
What effect does more ADH have on the walls of the collecting duct?
More permeable
Increased ADH makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable, allowing more water reabsorption.
What is the consequence of more water being reabsorbed into the blood?
Less urine produced
When more water is reabsorbed, the volume of urine produced decreases.
How is high blood pressure caused
Large volumes of ADH secretion
What is the structure of the stomach?
Has muscular walls and gastric pits
What is the function of the stomach?
Bag with strong muscles. Food is mixed with acid and protease enzyme
What is the structure of the pancreas?
Has a pancreatic duct leading to the duodenum
What are the functions of the pancreas?
Contains both exocrine glands and endocrine glands
The pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.
What do the exocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?
Digestive enzymes via the pancreatic duct
These enzymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What do the endocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?
Insulin and glucagon into the blood to regulate blood glucose levels
Fill in the blank: The pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by secreting _______ and _______.
insulin and glucagon
These hormones have opposing effects on blood sugar levels.
What is the structure of the gall bladder
Under liver with bile duct that leads to pancreatic duct
What is the function of the gall bladder
Stores bile produced by liver
What is the structure of the duodenum
First 25cm of small intestine, curves from stomach around the pancreas
What is the function of the duodenum
Connects stomach to small intestine and site of neutralisation
What is the structure of the Ileum
Majority of the small intestine, highly folded into villi with vase blood supply
What is the function of the Ileum
microvilli- site of absorption of products of digestion
What is the structure of colon
Very muscular walls
What is the function of colon
Site of water absorption, pushes faeces to the rectum
What does digestion mean
Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
What does absorption mean
How digested food molecules are taken into blood and cells
What does assimilation mean
How products of digestion are used in the cells
How is protein digested
Protein is digested into amino acids
How is protein absorbed
Protein is absorbed in small intestine and kidneys by co-transport, active transport and facilitated diffusion
How is protein assimilated
To make more proteins we need eg hormones
How is carbohydrates digested
Amylase breaks down starch into maltose
How is carbohydrates absorbed
In small intestine by facilitated diffusion and co-transport
How is carbohydrates assimilated
Stored as glycogen in liver and muscle and excess stored as fat
How is lipids digested
Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol
How is lipids absorbed
Simple diffusion in small intestine
How is lipids assimilated
When running low on glucose lipids can be used in respiration
How is BMI measured
Weight(kg)
—————
Height m2
What health issues if BMI is too high
Type 2 diabetes
Stroke
What health issues if BMI is too low
Anaemia
Palpitations
Why do we need water in our diet
Bring nutrients to cell
Get rid of waste such as urea
Lack of water leads to dehydration, sweat cannot be produced leading to hypothermia
Why do we need vitamins in our diet
Help fight infections
Lack of vitamins cause fatigue, dry skin and pore wound healing
What does the vitamins help with
Vitamin A- eyes
Vitamin D- mental health, bones
Vitamin E- skin, heart
Vitamin K- blood clotting
Vitamin B- respiration
When is type 1 diabetes usually diagnosed
Usually born with it
What is type 1 diabetes
When pancreas doesn’t produce insulin because immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells
What do people with type 1 diabetes need
Need to inject themselves with insulin
When is type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed
Later on in life middle age
What is type 2 diabetes
Insulin is still being produced but body becomes resistant to insulin
How is type 2 diabetes regulated
Regulation of diet, exercise and having a good diet
What medication can help with type 2 diabetes
Metformin
What are the causes of type 2 diabetes
Being obese, lack of exercise and high sugar diet
What is the job of amylase
To break down starch into maltose
Where is amylase produced
Salivary gland and pancreas
Where does amylase work
Mouth and duodenum
What pH does amylase need to work
pH7 and 8
What is the job of lipase
Break down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol
Where is lipase produced
Pancreas
Where does lipase work
Duodenum
What is the pH that lipase need to work
pH 8
What is the job of trypsin
Break down proteins into amino acids
Where is trypsin produced
Pancreas
Where does trypsin work
Duodenum
What is the pH trypsin needs to work
pH 8
What is the job of pepsin
Breaks down protein into amino acids
Where is pepsin produced
Stomach
Where does pepsin work
Stomach
What is the pH pepsin needs to work
pH 2
Structure of the kidney
2 bean shaped organs about the size of a fist below the rib cage
Function of the kidneys
Filter waste products and excess water from the blood
Structure of ureter
Muscular tubes made of smooth muscle fibres
Function of ureter
Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
Structure of nephron
Microscopic structure found in the kidneys
Function of nephron
Filter blood to remove waste products
Structure of bladder
Hollow muscular organ
Function of bladder
Stores urine until it is released into the urethra
Structure of urethra
Hollow tube lined with a layer of epithelial cells
Function of urethra
Carries urine from the bladder and out the body
Why do we need fibre in our diets
Lower blood cholesterol level helps prevent constipation
Lack of Fibre lead to constipation
Why do we need minerals in our diet
Keep your bones and heart working properly
Lack of mineral leads to weak bones, decreased immune system
What is calorie controlled diet
Help people loose weight reducing average fairly calorie intake without malnutrition or deprivation
