A3- Cardiovascular and respiratory system Flashcards
What does the plasma transport
Transports Most of the carbon dioxide
Transports Urea from liver to kidneys
TransportsProducts of digestion
Transports Small soluble products from digestion to cells
What does the red blood cells do
Transport most of the oxygen
Oxygen+ haemoglobin= oxyhemoglobin
What does platelets do
Helps blood clot at a wound
What does white blood cells do
Defends the blood against microorganisms- detects foreign material and destroys it
What is tissues and example
A group of cells with similar structures and functions working together eg muscle tissue
What is an organ and example
Made up from tissues can often contain more than one type of tissue working together eg heart
What is an organ system and example
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function where digestive system
What does the pulmonary artery do( left)
Take deoxygenated blood to lungs
What does the Aorta do (right side)
Takes oxygenated blood from heart around the body
What does the pulmonary vein do (left side)
Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
What is the pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated blood in the right side of heart pumped to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen for with air
What is Systemic circulation
Oxygenated blood in the left side of heart pumped around the body
What does the coronary arteries do
Deliver oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle (heart)
What does atrioventricular valves do
Prevents black flow of blood from ventricles to atria
What does the semilunar valves do
Prevents black flow of blood from arteries to ventricles
What is innervation
Sympathetic NS - speed up
Parasympathetic NS - slows down
What does arteries do
Carry blood away from heart around
Arteries- structure
Thick muscular walls
Elastic walls to enable vessels to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing
High blood pressure
Arterioles
Receive blood from arteries and carry blood to capillaries
What does capillaries do
Exchange substances with our cells ( nutrients and oxygen) and take away waste products
Capillaries structure
Wall is one cell thick
Link arterioles and venules
Slow blood flow
Little pressure
Venules
Receive blood from capillaries
What do veins do
Carry blood to heart
Veins structure
Valves preventing back flow of blood
Thin muscular walls
Wide lumen
Small layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Control of the heart
Electrical impulses are emitted from the sinoartial node
The impulses spread across the atria causing them to contract this is called atrial systole
Impulses travel to the atrioventricular node where there is a small delay so blood can leave the atria completely
Impulses then travel down the Bundle of His and along the purkyne fibres to the base of the heart
This causes the ventricles to contracts which is called ventricular systole
What is the pulmonary and systemic circulation
Double circulation
Where is the sinoatrial node found and what is it
Right atrium and it’s acts as a pacemaker of the heart
What does the sinoatrial node do
Generates a wave of depolarisation causing the heart to contract
chemoreceptors (carbon dioxide)
1) increased muscular/ metabolic activity
2) more carbon dioxide profuse by tissue by increased respiration
3)Blood pH is lowered
4) chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta increase frequency of impulses to the medulla oblongata (MO)
5) the centre that speeds up HR in the MO increases frequency of impulses to the sinoatrial node(SAN) via sympathetic NS
6)SAN increases HR
7) increased blood flow removes carbon dioxide faster
8) carbon dioxide concentration return back to normal
What happens when blood pressure is too high
Pressure receptors (Baroreceptors) send impulses to the Medulla oblongata
This is via the parasympathetic NS
This sends impulses to the SAN
Heart rate decrease
What happens when blood pressure is too low
Pressure receptors send impulses to the Medulla oblongata
This is via the sympathetic NS
This send impulses to the SAN
Heart rate increases
What is the normal reading for blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
What is hypotension and the reading
Low blood pressure reading below 90/60mmHg is hypotension
What is hypertension and reading
Hypertension is high blood pressure reading above 140/90mmHg is sending as hypertension
What are risk factors and symptoms of hypotension
Risk factors- genetics, diabetes, pregnancy
Symptoms- dizzy, blurred vision, confusion
What are risk factors and symptoms and hypertension
Risk factors- age being over 65 and being overweight/ lack of exercise
Symptoms- no symptoms but if untreated can contribute to coronary heart disease or strokes
What is coronary heart disease caused by
Blockage in the coronary arteries which restricts blood flow to the heart and prevents it from contracting properly
Risk factors and symptoms of coronary heart disease
Risk factors- smoking and high cholesterol
Symptoms- chest pain that spread to left arm, neck, jaw and heart failure/ attack
What is a stroke caused by
A blood clot in a blood vessel carrying blood to the brain or in the brain or a bursting of a weakened blood vessel in the brain
Risk factors and symptoms of a stroke
Risk factors- high level of cholesterol in blood , smoking
Symptoms- (FAST) Face droop, Arms unable to pick anything up, Speech can’t speak, Time call 999
other symptoms- paralysis and blurred vision
What is COPD cause by
Group of conditions that affect the lungs and causes breathing problem that can worsen over time limiting normal activity
Emphysema( damage to alveoli)
Chronic bronchitis ( long term inflammation of the bronchus
Risk factors and symptoms of COPD
Risk factors- smoking, exposure to dust, airs pollution
Symptoms- shortness of breath even when asleep, persistent chesty cough
Ventilation
Trachea beaches into two bronchi, left and right bronchus. The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles that have alveoli at the end of
What is the alveoli
Site of gas exchange between air and the blood
How is alveoli adapted to its function
Highly folded so they have a large surface area for increased diffusion of gases
alveolus wall is one cell thick made of of squamous epithelium meaning they provide a short distance for diffusion for faster gas exchange
Inspiration
The external intercostal muscle contracts
The rib cage move up and out
The diaphragm contract and moved down
These actions increase the volume in the chest cavity
This means that pressure inside the chest cavity decreases
Air moves from high atmospheric air pressure to low chest cavity air pressure
Expiration
The external intercostal muscle relaxes
The rib cage moves down and in
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up
These action decreases the volume in the chest cavity
This mean the pressure inside the chest cavity increases
Are moved out from high chest cavity air pressure to low atmospheric pressure
